New records and checklist of Chilocorini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from China.

BACKGROUND: China is one of the countries with the greatest species diversity of Chilocorini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), including nearly forty-five percent of the known genera and fourteen percent of all described species in this tribe. Recently, we discovered three species previously not recorded in China. NEW INFORMATION: In this study, three species Priscibrumus uropygialis (Mulsant, 1853), Priscibrumus disjunctus Canepari, 1997 and Brumus octosignatus (Gebler, 1830) are documented for the first time in China. Brumus octosignatus is the first member of the genus Brumus Mulsant, 1850 recorded in China. Detailed descriptions, illustrations and distributions of these three species are provided. A checklist of Chinese Chilocorini is also given. Wenjing Li, Bingxu Chen, Lizhi Huo, Xiaosheng Chen, Xingmin Wang.

Introduction

The members of family , commonly known as colourful and shiny beetles, predators of plant pests, contain 6000 species distributed worldwide (Vandenberg 2002). The tribe is well-known as a primary predator of coccids. Many species of this tribe are widely used as biological control agents. In recent years, phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of indicated that this tribe is a monophyletic group, closely related to the tribe (Magro et al. 2010, Seago et al. 2011, Escalona et al. 2017, Che et al. 2017) or (Li et al. 2020). At present, contains 22 genera and more than 280 species distributed worldwide (Łączyński and Tomaszewska 2012, Li et al. 2020).

China is one of the countries with the greatest species of (: ), including 10 genera and 39 species (Li et al. 2017a). However, in Li et al. (2017a), the genus Mulsant was incorrectly recorded in the Chinese checklist of (no literature existed to indicate that the members of this genus were distributed in China). After a phylogenetic study of the , the genus Weise was synonymised with Leach (Li et al. 2020).

In this study, we report for the first time in China the genus with the species (Gebler, 1830), as well as the species (Mulsant, 1853) and Canepari, 1997. A revised checklist of Chinese is also provided, containing all nine genera and 42 species.

Materials and methods

Specimens, examined in this study, were collected in China (Tibet and Xinjiang) and deposited at the Department of Entomology, South China Agriculture University (SCAU), Guangzhou.

The newly-collected specimens of were identified based on the original species description (Canepari 1997). The specimens of the other two new Chinese records i.e. and , were identified from the secondary descriptions and illustrations by Miyatake (1985) and Kovář (1997), respectively.

External morphology was observed with a dissecting stereomicroscope (SteREO Discovery V20, Zeiss). Male and female genitalia were dissected, cleared in 10% solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) by boiling for several minutes and examined with an Olympus BX51 microscope. Photographs of the genitalia and other morphological characters were taken with digital cameras (AxioCam HRc and Coolsnap-Procf & CRI Micro*Color), attached to microscopes using AxioVision Rel. ver. 4.8 and Image-Pro Plus ver. 6.0. Images were cleaned up and laid out in plates with Adobe Photoshop CS ver. 8.0. Terminology follows Ślipiński (2007).

Abbreviations

TL = total length: length from apical margin of clypeus to apex of elytra

TW = total width: width across both elytra at widest part

TH = body height measured across the highest point of the elytra

HW = head width in a frontal view

PL = pronotal length: from middle of anterior margin to base of pronotum

PW = pronotal width at widest part

EL = elytral length: from apex to base including scutellum

EW = elytral width, equal to TW

Taxon treatments

Kovář, 1997

878E2E1D-DEEB-5C59-8608-647643362168

Kovář, 1997 in

Semenov, 1900

Diagnosis

can be distinguished from other genera of the tribe by the following combination of characters: body densely covered with short, greyish pubescence; antenna composed of 10 antennomeres, with terminal antennomere very small and embedded in the penultimate antennomere; pronotal basal margin entirely bordered with submarginal line; base of pronotum and elytra contiguous all along their length; elytral epipleura narrow, more or less horizontal and without foveae; abdominal postcoxal lines almost complete; mid and hind tibiae with two apical spurs.

Canepari, 1997

DBFEBD22-DF86-5F7D-9C90-20724315E3A3

Canepari, 1997 in

Type status: Holotype. Occurrence: recordedBy: Wenjing Li; individualCount: 2; sex: 1 male, 1 female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Tibet; locality: Jilong County; verbatimElevation: 2900 m; verbatimCoordinates: ; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: Wenjing Li; dateIdentified: 2017; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping; eventDate: 28/08/1984; Record Level: basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Description

TL: 3.75–4.10 mm, TW: 2.80–2.91 mm, TH: 1.83–2.12 mm, TL/TW: 1.31–1.34, PL/PW: 0.45–0.47, EL/EW: 1.07–1.10.

Body oval, moderately convex. Head black, densely covered with short, greyish pubescence. Mouthparts and antenna black. Pronotum black, densely covered with short, greyish pubescence. Scutellum black. Elytra reddish-brown, with two pairs of broadly black stripes: outer stripes approximately 2/5 width of elytra, 3/4 length of elytra; inner stripes situated on suture, almost as long as elytra, distinctly broadening at base and weakly broadening at apex, densely covered with extremely short, greyish pubescence (Fig. 1a–c). Underside black except elytral epipleura brownish-yellow, densely covered with short, greyish pubescence. Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, arcuate. Posterior margin of male abdominal ventrite 5 slightly emarginate at middle and of ventrite 6 distinctly emarginate (Fig. 1d).

Figure 1.

Canepari, 1997. a. dorsal view; b. lateral view; c. frontal view; d. abdomen; e. penis; f. apex of penis; g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Male genitalia: penis slender, penis capsule with short outer and inner arm, apex of penis truncate with membranous appendage (Fig. 1e–f). Tegmen stout, penis guide narrow at base, parallel along basal 1/3, after that, gradually broadening to basal 2/3, then narrowing to apex in ventral view; penis guide in lateral view, widest near base, gradually narrowing to apex; parameres distinctly longer than penis guide with dense short setae on the inner sides and distal end with a group of short setae in lateral view (Fig. 1g–h).

Female genitalia: coxites distinctly elongated. Spermatheca approximately C-shaped, cornu without appendage.

This species can be distinguished from other species of by the following combination of characters: elytra reddish-brown, with two pair of broadly black stripes, inner stripes situated on suture, almost as long as elytra; parameres distinctly longer than penis guide.

Distribution

Nepal (Canepari 1997) and Tibet, China (present study) (Fig. 4).

Figure 4.

Distribution map. (▲) Canepari, 1997; (●) (Mulsant, 1853); (○) (Gebler, 1830).

(Mulsant, 1853)

6F63801E-90E2-5C22-AD8C-2E493A7F22A7

Mulsant, 1853 in

(Mulsant, 1853): Crotch, 1874 (see

(Mulsant, 1853) Barovskij, 1922 (see

(Mulsant, 1853): Kovář, 1997 (see

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Wenjing Li; individualCount: 2; sex: 1 male, 1 female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Tibet; locality: Mama village, Cuona County; verbatimElevation: 2800 m; verbatimCoordinates: ; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: Wenjing Li; dateIdentified: 2017; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping; eventDate: 25/05/2011; Record Level: basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Wenjing Li; individualCount: 1; sex: 1 male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Tibet; locality: Jilong County; verbatimElevation: 2800 m; verbatimCoordinates: ; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: Wenjing Li; dateIdentified: 2017; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping; eventDate: 29/05/2011; Record Level: basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

TL: 3.65–4.24 mm, TW: 2.72–3.31 mm, TH: 1.46–1.82 mm, TL/TW: 1.28–1.34, PL/PW: 0.46–0.51, EL/EW: 1.07–1.16.

Body oval, moderately convex. Head black, densely covered with short, greyish pubescence. Mouthparts and antenna black. Pronotum black, densely covered with short, greyish pubescence. Scutellum black. Elytra reddish-brown, with a pair of black spots at elytral apex, densely covered with short, greyish pubescence (Fig. 2a–c). Underside black, except elytral epipleura brownish-yellow, densely covered with short, greyish pubescence. Abdominal postcoxal lines incomplete, arcuate. Posterior margin of male abdominal ventrite 5 slightly emarginate at middle and of ventrite 6 distinctly emarginate (Fig. 2d).

Figure 2.

(Mulsant, 1853). a. dorsal view; b. lateral view; c. frontal view; d. abdomen; e. penis; f. apex of penis; g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. ovipositor. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Male genitalia: penis slender, penis capsule with short outer arm and long inner arm, apex of penis truncate with membranous appendage (Fig. 2e–f). Tegmen stout, penis guide parallel along 2/3 length, then gradually narrowing to apex in ventral view; penis guide in lateral view, widest at base, parallel along 2/5 length, then gradually narrowing to apex; parameres as long as penis guide with dense long setae on the inner sides and distal end with a group of long setae in lateral view (Fig. 2g–h).

Female genitalia: coxites distinctly elongate (Fig. 2i). Spermatheca approximately C-shaped, cornu without appendage.

This species can be easily distinguished from other species of by the following combination of characters: elytra reddish-brown, with a pair of black spots at elytral apex; parameres as long as penis guide.

Kashmir, Nepal, India, Bhutan, Pakistan (Mulsant 1850, Crotch 1874, Gordon 1987, Barovskij 1922, Bielawski 1979, Miyatake 1985, Kovář 1997, Canepari 1997, Poorani 2002, Mader 1955) and Tibet, China (present study) (Fig. 4).

Mulsant, 1850

49BD6CF2-085C-5C68-A9A6-62CC9C552965

Mulsant, 1850 in

Gebler, 1830

can be distinguished from other genera of the tribe by the following combination of characters: antenna 10-segmented, terminal antennomere very small and embedded in penultimate segment; pronotal basal margin entirely bordered with submarginal line; elytral epipleura narrow, more or less horizontal and without foveae; abdominal postcoxal lines complete; mid and hind tibiae with two apical spurs; tarsal claws without basal tooth, only slightly swollen at base.

(Gebler, 1830)

E53379AA-1E43-5A00-BFDA-D1E4683C8933

Gebler, 1830 in

Motschulsky, 1840 in

Mulsant, 1850 in

8-signata (Gebler, 1830) Crotch, 1874 see

(Gebler, 1830) Crotch, 1874, see

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Wenjing Li; individualCount: 2; sex: 1 male, 1 female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: ; Location: country: China; stateProvince: Xinjiang; locality: Kezier village, Baicheng County; verbatimElevation: 850 m; verbatimCoordinates: ; georeferenceProtocol: label; Identification: identifiedBy: Wenjing Li; dateIdentified: 2017; Event: samplingProtocol: sweeping; eventDate: 31/07/1995; Record Level: basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordedBy: Wenjing Li; individualCount: 4; sex: 2 male, 2 female; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: ; Location: country: unknown; stateProvince: unknown; locality: unknown; verbatimElevation: unknown; verbatimCoordinates: unknown; Identification: identifiedBy: Wenjing Li; dateIdentified: 2017; Record Level: basisOfRecord: PreservedSpecimen

TL: 3.80–4.00 mm, TW: 2.80–3.20 mm, TH: 1.87–2.07 mm, TL/TW: 1.32–1.35, PL/PW: 0.47–0.50, EL/EW: 1.05–1.10.

Body oval, moderately convex. Head, mouthparts and antenna brownish-yellow. Pronotum orange-yellow, with a black spot at centre of basal margin. Scutellum black. Elytra orange-yellow, with four pairs of black spots, the first one situated at the humeral angle; the second one situated at basal 2/5, near suture; the third one situated at basal 3/5, near outer margin; the fourth one situated basal 4/5, near suture (Fig. 3a–c). Underside orange-yellow, densely covered with short, greyish pubescence. Abdominal postcoxal lines complete and semicircular. Posterior margin of male abdominal ventrite 5 and of ventrite 6 distinctly emarginate (Fig. 3d).

Figure 3.

(Gebler, 1830). a. dorsal view; b. lateral view; c. frontal view; d. abdomen; e. penis; f. apex of penis; g. tegmen, lateral view; h. tegmen, ventral view; i. ovipositor. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Male genitalia: penis slender, penis capsule with short outer and long inner arm, apex of penis acute with membranous appendage (Fig. 3e–f). Tegmen stout, penis guide narrow at base, widest at basal 1/2, then gradually converging to blunt tip, symmetrical in ventral view; penis guide in lateral view, widest at base, parallel along basal 1/3, after that gradually converging to apex; parameres nearly as long as the penis guide with dense short setae on the inner sides and distal end with a group of short setae in lateral view (Fig. 3g–h).

Female genitalia: coxites distinctly elongate (Fig. 3i). Spermatheca approximately C-shaped, cornu without appendage.

This species can be easily distinguished from other species of by the following combination of characters: pronotum with a black spot at central of basal margin; elytra orange-yellow, with four pairs of black spots; parameres nearly as long as the penis guide.

Azerbaijan, Armenia, France, Italy, Russia: south European Territory, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan (Gebler 1830, Motschulsky 1840, Mulsant 1850, Crotch 1874, Barovskij 1927, Mader 1955, Bielawski 1975, Bielawski 1984, Kovář 1997) and Xinjiang, China (present study) (Fig. 4).

Checklists

Checklist of Chinese sensu Li et al. 2020

Chapin, 1965

C1D7BFF4-D441-5864-BA87-EA89FF4A197B

Miyatake, 1970

B90B50F7-8D94-52DA-91BD-3D699476C1B6

Distribution

China (Miyatake 1970).

(Weise, 1885)

791DCD0B-A327-58B2-B5AF-F7FEB09F146A

China, Myanmar, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan and Ceylon (Weise 1885, Miyatake 1970, Poorani 2002).

Miyatake, 1970

55161FAB-69B9-5C69-92E6-2875FA2880C5

China (Miyatake 1970).

Miyatake, 1970

931B69C1-43A9-58BF-9170-6E2540BB448C

China (Miyatake 1970).

Mulsant, 1850

6D97AC34-4DB2-5549-A8AC-DEDA064BA76C

(Gebler, 1830)

8DCC3591-1A72-593D-BFDC-2E14429E1874

China, Azerbaijan, Armenia, France, Italy, Russia: south European Territory, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan (Gebler 1830, Motschulsky 1840, Mulsant 1850, Crotch 1874, Barovskij 1927, Mader 1955, Bielawski 1975, Bielawski 1984, Kovář 1997).

Leach, 1815

45531EBC-C889-5E16-B124-7A819DAE4F79

(Li &Wang, 2017)

3AF2B3AD-6D3A-5C11-8136-600B09A769FF

China (Li et al. 2017b).

Sasaji, 1968

4905DAF8-8834-5104-B150-15FDEA4A7387

China (Sasaji 1968).

Mulsant, 1853

F09738D9-694E-5A6D-BCB3-73A84F30427D

China, Japan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Palaearctic (Mulsant 1853, Kovář 2007).

(Linnaeus, 1758)

85C81AFD-2392-558A-A259-1840F0846712

China, Europe, Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa (Linnaeus 1758, Li et al. 2018).

Gorham, 1892

D151B203-56C4-5B92-9D2D-85DECE6E49B3

China (Gorham 1892, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2018).

Miyatake, 1970

E87AB265-8D3D-5A20-8BB1-95BEDD3F9FF0

China (Miyatake 1970, Li et al. 2018).

(Gyllenhal, 1808)

B65D3A0E-FA95-532C-A5B9-96252D2C718F

China, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka and introduced to Australia and America (Gyllenhal 1808, Ślipiński 2007, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2018).

Kamiya, 1959

991E8AB0-2D2F-57CA-B2F5-A335CFB43D73

China, Japan (Kamiya 1959, Li et al. 2018).

Zaslavskij, 1962

A4209690-8C5D-5A64-A0BD-E812386D1605

China, Mongolia, Turkey and Central Asia (Zaslavskij 1962, Bielawski 1975, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2018).

Weise, 1895

5F196210-6323-5E08-AA54-1D2B3EC8D25C

China, India and Myanmar (Weise 1895, Korschefsky 1932, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2018).

Miyatake, 1970

68CC0E29-A578-593E-AF05-79F1D07345BB

China (Miyatake 1970).

Silvestri, 1909

65527081-C9DB-5CD4-AF88-182BE71C2F95

China, Japan, North Korea and Italy and introduced to America (Silvestri 1909, Gordon 1985, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2018).

Weise, 1898

B62642EB-2D3E-5753-8D18-49B58C1997D6

China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Indonesia (Weise 1898, Miyatake 1970, Poorani 2002, Li et al. 2018).

(Miyatake, 1970)

894CF8A1-FF01-501F-8A29-AEF030F1DCA3

China, Laos, Vietnam, Singapore and Indonesia (Miyatake 1970).

Li & Wang, 2018

3E8BEDE9-074A-5832-B1B6-DEBE7B310BE8

China (Li et al. 2018).

(Fabricius, 1798)

EE478024-15C8-53B6-8682-8891F1CF7D91

China, Myanmar, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Australian, USA, Brazil and South Africa (Fabricius 1798, Crotch 1874, Poorani 2002, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2018).

Hope, 1831

3D230278-A1BF-53AB-9677-1AE2D30D99D0

China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, India, Nepal, Indonesia and Siberia (Hope 1831, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2018).

Motschulsky, 1853

C587DF55-9353-54EF-8AD1-B076B8F1DCB7

China and Vietnam (Motschulsky 1853, Korschefsky 1932, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2018).

Sasaji, 1968

F7567A00-A9F8-5784-8B73-8605A13C98AF

China (Sasaji 1968, Li et al. 2018).

Li & Wang, 2018

FE188300-49C7-5748-918D-AABA36906CCB

China (Li et al. 2018).

Cao & Xiao, 1984

38FF0EAF-9949-5E22-82FB-74F3B93443BE

China (Cao and Xiao 1984, Li et al. 2018).

Mulsant, 1850

777DC001-0AD5-570E-88FE-5A74AA32C452

China, Thailand, Laos, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Indonesia (Mulsant 1850, Poorani 2002, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2018).

Sasaji, 2005

83C54B32-E64B-569B-9C1A-E100C4B54F81

Wang & Ren, 2010

D753815F-B596-59EF-BA18-D3F3EFDE8F88

China (Wang and Ren 2010).

Wang & Ren, 2010

826D936D-5A08-5EA4-BE96-7839C7E22531

China (Wang and Ren 2010).

Redtenbacher, 1843

DA672CD7-7EDD-5525-8B2A-9A972FE9FF97

Barovsky, 1922

A7CDD3E8-7CF5-58CD-A735-EF070910BC7F

China, Mongolia, Korea and Far East (Barovskij 1922, Kovář 1997, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2015b).

(Linnaeus, 1758)

8DA47D42-8923-5406-B997-A6986E2C5969

China, Europe, Russia, Middle East and Mongolia. Introduced to USA and Australia (Linnaeus 1758, Kovář 1997, Kovář 2007, Li et al. 2015b).

Li & Ren 2015

E206704F-7AEE-50A2-B7DE-F5A62C1DDFFC

China (Li et al. 2015b).

Barovsky, 1922

84D7CE08-742E-592B-AE56-56034C5C3ECD

(Goeze, 1777)

585E64CC-8D15-5A37-86A1-85ABC02CFE60

China, Mongolia, Iran, Siberia, Arabia, Europe and Africa (Chapin 1965, Goeze 1777, Ślipiński 2007, Li et al. 2015b).

Li & Ren 2015

631C7451-643A-5CBE-8045-46CB7046CBC5

China (Li et al. 2015b).

Weise, 1887

D0A9F7DF-D0B7-5D97-8F99-24CAC26050BD

China and Mongolia (Weise 1887, Barovskij 1922, Kovář 2007).

Kovář, 1997

5018E44F-F924-5821-8237-9ACAD06A9891

Canepari, 1997

B9367917-52D5-5022-A85E-AA5395813E9A

China and Nepal (Canepari 1997, Poorani 2002).

(Kapur, 1958)

36D37861-2E37-515F-81EB-064A0E14D041

China and Nepal (Kapur 1958, Poorani 2002, Hu et al. 2013).

(Mulsant, 1853)

ACCCE50E-5357-56D1-8DB5-A52FCE4B014E

China; Kashmir, Nepal, India, Bhutan and Pakistan (Mulsant 1850, Crotch 1874, Gordon 1987, Barovskij 1922, Bielawski 1979, Miyatake 1985, Kovář 1997, Canepari 1997, Poorani 2002, Mader 1955).

Li et Wang, 2017

CA8FFA57-6831-5125-AEBD-23750A0B99B8

Li & Wang, 2017

7AB4E103-5BFF-5BC7-9907-56A3916AB330

China and India (Li et al. 2017a, Poorani and Rojeet 2019).

Miyatake, 1970

EC055B36-58E0-5035-90FB-39EBB9B695A8

Li & Ren, 2015

B9ED6E68-4E04-5658-A710-78CA04501A1A

China (Li et al. 2015a).

Miyatake, 1970

FE2B6E4C-4732-565A-9942-28C8359E9994

China (Miyatake 1970, Li et al. 2015a).

Li & Ren, 2015

02083B29-0124-5BB0-905B-7DDA2BAFF015

China (Li et al. 2015a).

Discussion

The genus was erected by Kovář (1997), when he revised and Mulsant, 1850 from the Palearctic Region. This revision was a huge contribution to our understanding of the relationships between and its closely-related genera. Until now, only contained seven species which mainly occur in the Pamir Mountains, especially in the western part of the Himalaya Mountains (Kovář 1997, Poorani 2002). (Kapur) was the first member of this genus recorded in China (Tibet) by Hu et al. (2013).

was considered a junior synonym of by Ślipiński and Giorgi (2006). Subsequently, Kovář (2007) accepted this point of view and transferred all species of from the Palearctic Region to . The recent phylogenetic studies of indicated that the relationship between and is not so close. is the sister group of a large clade containing various genera, for example, , , , and , while is closely related to (Li et al. 2020). Actually, can be easily distinguished from by the following characters: elytral epipleuron more or less horizontal; tarsal claws without basal tooth, only slightly swollen at base. In , the outer part of elytral epipleuron is distinctly descending; and the tarsal claws have a large triangular tooth at the base.