Antonio A Morgan-López1, Therese K Killeen2, Lissette M Saavedra2, Denise A Hien2, Skye Fitzpatrick2, Lesia M Ruglass2, Sudie E Back2. 1. Behavioral Health Research Division, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States. Electronic address: amorganlopez@rti.org. 2. Behavioral Health Research Division, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd., P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, United States.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Most of the work on understanding subthreshold PTSD has focused on inconsistencies in defining subthreshold PTSD and how those inconsistencies impact prevalence rates. The present study distinguishes between full and subthreshold PTSD using empirical categorization and assesses the circumstances under which empirical categorization is discordant with full and subthreshold PTSD diagnoses. METHODS: Using data from the NIDA CTN Women and Trauma Study (N = 353), we use a modernized adaptation of the Jacobson and Truax (1991) framework, assessing whether patients were above or below an empirical threshold on latent PTSD severity scores estimated under categorical confirmatory factor analysis; the empirical categorizations were then crossed with the diagnoses to form four diagnostic by empirical categorization groupings. RESULTS: Compared to a reference group (full PTSD diagnosis and empirical categorization), patients who had a full PTSD diagnosis but a subthreshold empirical categorization had lower symptom endorsement rates on 15 PTSD symptoms, were more likely to be married, ethnic minorities with fewer lifetime traumas. Conversely, patients with a subthreshold PTSD diagnosis and a full PTSD empirical grouping looked similar to "Full/Fulls", only differing on avoidance symptoms. LIMITATIONS: Alternative definitions of subthreshold PTSD and coding of symptom endorsement may impact results. The use of DSM-IV symptoms (though reconciled against overlapping symptoms from DSM-5) is also a key limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Empirical categorization can be a useful supplement to diagnosis in distinguishing subthreshold PTSD from full PTSD, using a methodology that could provide a platform for melding dimensional and categorical nosology approaches in the DSM.
BACKGROUND: Most of the work on understanding subthreshold PTSD has focused on inconsistencies in defining subthreshold PTSD and how those inconsistencies impact prevalence rates. The present study distinguishes between full and subthreshold PTSD using empirical categorization and assesses the circumstances under which empirical categorization is discordant with full and subthreshold PTSD diagnoses. METHODS: Using data from the NIDA CTN Women and Trauma Study (N = 353), we use a modernized adaptation of the Jacobson and Truax (1991) framework, assessing whether patients were above or below an empirical threshold on latent PTSD severity scores estimated under categorical confirmatory factor analysis; the empirical categorizations were then crossed with the diagnoses to form four diagnostic by empirical categorization groupings. RESULTS: Compared to a reference group (full PTSD diagnosis and empirical categorization), patients who had a full PTSD diagnosis but a subthreshold empirical categorization had lower symptom endorsement rates on 15 PTSD symptoms, were more likely to be married, ethnic minorities with fewer lifetime traumas. Conversely, patients with a subthreshold PTSD diagnosis and a full PTSD empirical grouping looked similar to "Full/Fulls", only differing on avoidance symptoms. LIMITATIONS: Alternative definitions of subthreshold PTSD and coding of symptom endorsement may impact results. The use of DSM-IV symptoms (though reconciled against overlapping symptoms from DSM-5) is also a key limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Empirical categorization can be a useful supplement to diagnosis in distinguishing subthreshold PTSD from full PTSD, using a methodology that could provide a platform for melding dimensional and categorical nosology approaches in the DSM.
Authors: Paula P Schnurr; Matthew J Friedman; Charles C Engel; Edna B Foa; M Tracie Shea; Bruce K Chow; Patricia A Resick; Veronica Thurston; Susan M Orsillo; Rodney Haug; Carole Turner; Nancy Bernardy Journal: JAMA Date: 2007-02-28 Impact factor: 56.272
Authors: Denise A Hien; Elizabeth A Wells; Huiping Jiang; Lourdes Suarez-Morales; Aimee N C Campbell; Lisa R Cohen; Gloria M Miele; Therese Killeen; Gregory S Brigham; Yulei Zhang; Cheri Hansen; Candace Hodgkins; Mary Hatch-Maillette; Chanda Brown; Agatha Kulaga; Allison Kristman-Valente; Melissa Chu; Robert Sage; James A Robinson; David Liu; Edward V Nunes Journal: J Consult Clin Psychol Date: 2009-08
Authors: Robert F Krueger; Andrew E Skodol; W John Livesley; Patrick E Shrout; Yueqin Huang Journal: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res Date: 2007 Impact factor: 4.035
Authors: Skye S Fitzpatrick; Antonio A Morgan-López; Tanya C Saraiya; Sudie E Back; Therese K Killeen; Sonya B Norman; Teresa López-Castro; Lesia M Ruglass; Lissette M Saavedra; Denise A Hien Journal: Psychol Addict Behav Date: 2021-06-17