Chijioke O Ikonte1, Heather L Prigmore2, Aprill Z Dawson3, Leonard E Egede4. 1. Department of Medicine, Medical School, Medical College of Wisconsin, CLCC-5th Floor, 9200 W Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States. 2. Department of Medicine, Medical School, Medical College of Wisconsin, CLCC-5th Floor, 9200 W Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States. 3. Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States. 4. Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States; Center for Advancing Population Science, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States. Electronic address: legede@mcw.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of depression and serious psychological distress (SPD) among adult United States (US) immigrants and US-born; and to investigate trends in depression and SPD. METHODS: National Health Interview Survey data (2010 - 2016) was analyzed. Chi-square tests were used to measure differences in prevalence of SPD between US-born and immigrants, and differences in prevalence of depression. Logistic regression models were used to measure the association between mental health outcomes (depression, SPD) and predictors (nativity, length of residence). General linear models were used to investigate depression and SPD trends. RESULTS: 101,142 US adults were included in the analysis. Immigrants were found to be 11% (OR 0.89, 95% CI [0.85,0.95]) less likely to suffer from depression compared to US-born. US-born (p<0.0001) had a higher prevalence of depression compared to immigrants, and prevalence of depression decreased overtime (p=0.011) for immigrants and US-born individuals. Immigrants who lived in the US 15+ years were 17% (OR 1.17, 95% CI [1.00,1.36]) more likely to have SPD compared to those who were born in the US. Among immigrants, as length of residence increased the prevalence of SPD (p=0.002) and depression (p<0.0001) increased. LIMITATIONS: This study examines immigrants as an entire population, not accounting for differences in immigrant status or immigrant ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: While the prevalence of depression is lower in immigrants compared to US-born, being an immigrant in the US for more than 15 years increases risk of SPD to the point of surpassing that of US-born individuals and increases risk of depression.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of depression and serious psychological distress (SPD) among adult United States (US) immigrants and US-born; and to investigate trends in depression and SPD. METHODS: National Health Interview Survey data (2010 - 2016) was analyzed. Chi-square tests were used to measure differences in prevalence of SPD between US-born and immigrants, and differences in prevalence of depression. Logistic regression models were used to measure the association between mental health outcomes (depression, SPD) and predictors (nativity, length of residence). General linear models were used to investigate depression and SPD trends. RESULTS: 101,142 US adults were included in the analysis. Immigrants were found to be 11% (OR 0.89, 95% CI [0.85,0.95]) less likely to suffer from depression compared to US-born. US-born (p<0.0001) had a higher prevalence of depression compared to immigrants, and prevalence of depression decreased overtime (p=0.011) for immigrants and US-born individuals. Immigrants who lived in the US 15+ years were 17% (OR 1.17, 95% CI [1.00,1.36]) more likely to have SPD compared to those who were born in the US. Among immigrants, as length of residence increased the prevalence of SPD (p=0.002) and depression (p<0.0001) increased. LIMITATIONS: This study examines immigrants as an entire population, not accounting for differences in immigrant status or immigrant ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: While the prevalence of depression is lower in immigrants compared to US-born, being an immigrant in the US for more than 15 years increases risk of SPD to the point of surpassing that of US-born individuals and increases risk of depression.
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