Automated thyroid nodule detection from ultrasound imaging using deep convolutional neural networks.

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer and its incidence has continuously increased worldwide. In this paper, we focus on the challenging problem of nodule detection from ultrasound scans. In current clinical practice, this task is performed manually, which is tedious, subjective and highly depends on the clinical experience of radiologists. We propose a novel deep neural network architecture with carefully designed loss function regularization, and network hyperparameters to perform nodule detection without complex post-processing refinement steps. The local training and validation datasets consist of 2461 and 820 ultrasound frames acquired from 60 and 20 patients with a high degree of variability, respectively. The core of the proposed method is a deep learning framework based on multi-task model Mask R-CNN. We have developed a loss function with regularization that prioritizes detection over segmentation. Validation was conducted for 821 ultrasound frames from 20 patients. The proposed model can detect various types of thyroid nodules. The experimental results indicate that our proposed method is effective in thyroid nodule detection. Comparisons with the results by Faster R-CNN and conventional Mask R-CNN demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms the prior state-of-the-art detection methods.