Constructing interlayer to tailor structure and performance of thin-film composite polyamide membranes: A review.

Thin-film composite (TFC) structured membranes based on polyamide (PA) chemistry is the gold standard of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis-based technologies for water purification and desalination. Constructing interlayer between porous substrate and PA layer is a promising strategy to address the ubiquitous trade-off between permeability and selectivity, which is typically encountered by conventional TFC PA membranes. The progress in the interlayer benefits the precise control of interfacial polymerization process, which therefore can tailor the structure and performance of advanced TFC PA membranes. This review critically summarizes the recent advances in TFC PA membranes mediated by interlayer. The mechanisms of interlayer regulating the IP process and PA structure are first discussed based on available literature. Structure and performance of novel TFC PA membranes based on three kinds of interlayers, i.e., organic coatings, nanomaterial and nanocomposite interlayers, are systematically reviewed. Finally, perspectives and future efforts needed are proposed for interlayer based TFC PA membranes. This review offers comprehensive understanding and useful guidance on the rational design of advanced membranes mediated by interlayers for desalination and water purification.