Chronic kidney disease as a cardiovascular risk factor.

: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health threat with impact in cardiovascular risk. All forms of cardiovascular disease and mortality are more common in CKD. Treatment of cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes is essential for cardiovascular and kidney protection. CKD is a marker of high or very high cardiovascular risk and its presence require early treatment and specific goals. Lifestyle is a pivotal factor, stopping smoking, reducing weight in the overweight or obese, starting regular physical exercise and healthy dietary pattern are recommended. Office BP should be lowered towards 130/80 mmHg or even lower if tolerated with sodium restriction and single pill combination, including angiotensin system blocker. Out-of-office BP monitoring, mainly 24-h assessment, is recommended. Diabetes requires treatment from the moment of diagnosis, but prediabetes benefits with lifestyle changes and metformin in patients stage 2 and 3a. iSGLT2 and GLP-1RA are initially recommended in T2D patients with high or very high cardiovascular risk. Concerning dyslipidemia, for patients in stage 4, LDL-C 55 mg/dl or less (1.4 mmol/l) and an LDL-C reduction of 50% or less from baseline is recommended. In stage 3, LDL-C goal is 70 mg/dl or less (1.8 mmol/l) and an LDL-C. reduction of at least 50% from baseline. Statins are the lipid-lowering therapy of choice with or without ezetimibe. Higher doses of statins are required as GFR declines. Available evidence suggests that combined PCSK9 inhibitors with maximally tolerated dose of statins may have an emerging role in treatment of dyslipidemia in CKD patients.