Huihui Huang1,2, William W Jin1, Ming Huang1, Heyu Ji1, Diane E Capen1, Yin Xia3, Junying Yuan4, Teodor G Păunescu1,2, Hua A Jenny Lu5,2. 1. Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. 2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 3. Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. 4. Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 5. Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Lu.Hua@mgh.harvard.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Gentamicin is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic that targets gram-negative bacteria, but nephrotoxicity limits its clinical application. The cause of gentamicin-induced AKI has been attributed mainly to apoptosis of the proximal tubule cells. However, blocking apoptosis only partially attenuates gentamicin-induced AKI in animals. METHODS: Mice treated with gentamicin for 7 days developed AKI, and programmed cell death pathways were examined using pharmacologic inhibitors and in RIPK3-deficient mice. Effects in porcine and murine kidney cell lines were also examined. RESULTS: Gentamicin caused a low level of apoptosis in the proximal tubules and significant ultrastructural alterations consistent with necroptosis, occurring predominantly in the collecting ducts (CDs), including cell and organelle swelling and rupture of the cell membrane. Upregulation of the key necroptotic signaling molecules, mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), was detected in gentamicin-treated mice and in cultured renal tubule cells. In addition, gentamicin induced apical accumulation of total and phosphorylated MLKL (pMLKL) in CDs in mouse kidney. Inhibiting a necroptotic protein, RIPK1, with necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), attenuated gentamicin-induced necrosis and upregulation of MLKL and RIPK3 in mice and cultured cells. Nec-1 also alleviated kidney inflammation and fibrosis, and significantly improved gentamicin-induced renal dysfunction in mice. Furthermore, deletion of RIPK3 in the Ripk3 -/- mice significantly attenuated gentamicin-induced AKI. CONCLUSIONS: A previously unrecognized role of programmed necrosis in collecting ducts in gentamicin-induced kidney injury presents a potential new therapeutic strategy to alleviate gentamicin-induced AKI through inhibiting necroptosis.
BACKGROUND:Gentamicin is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic that targets gram-negative bacteria, but nephrotoxicity limits its clinical application. The cause of gentamicin-induced AKI has been attributed mainly to apoptosis of the proximal tubule cells. However, blocking apoptosis only partially attenuates gentamicin-induced AKI in animals. METHODS:Mice treated with gentamicin for 7 days developed AKI, and programmed cell death pathways were examined using pharmacologic inhibitors and in RIPK3-deficient mice. Effects in porcine and murine kidney cell lines were also examined. RESULTS:Gentamicin caused a low level of apoptosis in the proximal tubules and significant ultrastructural alterations consistent with necroptosis, occurring predominantly in the collecting ducts (CDs), including cell and organelle swelling and rupture of the cell membrane. Upregulation of the key necroptotic signaling molecules, mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), was detected in gentamicin-treated mice and in cultured renal tubule cells. In addition, gentamicin induced apical accumulation of total and phosphorylated MLKL (pMLKL) in CDs in mouse kidney. Inhibiting a necroptotic protein, RIPK1, with necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), attenuated gentamicin-induced necrosis and upregulation of MLKL and RIPK3 in mice and cultured cells. Nec-1 also alleviated kidney inflammation and fibrosis, and significantly improved gentamicin-induced renal dysfunction in mice. Furthermore, deletion of RIPK3 in the Ripk3 -/- mice significantly attenuated gentamicin-induced AKI. CONCLUSIONS: A previously unrecognized role of programmed necrosis in collecting ducts in gentamicin-induced kidney injury presents a potential new therapeutic strategy to alleviate gentamicin-induced AKI through inhibiting necroptosis.
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