Jens Spiesshoefer1, Stefan Orwat2, Carolin Henke3, Hans-Joachim Kabitz4, Stratis Katsianos5, Chiara Borrelli6, Helmut Baumgartner2, Jerzy-Roch Nofer7, Maximilian Spieker8, Philipp Bengel9, Alberto Giannoni6, Michael Dreher10, Matthias Boentert3, Gerhard Paul Diller2. 1. Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology with Institute for Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany; Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: j.spiesshoefer@santannapisa.it. 2. Department of Cardiology III, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany. 3. Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology with Institute for Translational Neurology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany. 4. Department of Pneumology, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. 5. Third University Hospital Athens, Athens, Greece. 6. Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy. 7. Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany. 8. Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany. 9. Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology/Heart Center, University Medical Center Goettingen, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Goettingen, Germany. 10. Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In adult patients with congenital heart disease (ACHD), both underlying disease and lung restriction contribute to exercise intolerance. In ACHD the yet incompletely understood mechanism underlying restricted ventilation may be inspiratory muscle weakness. Therefore, this study comprehensively evaluated inspiratory muscle function in ACHD and associations with systemic inflammation and the clinical severity of exercise intolerance. METHODS: 30 ACHD patients (21 men, 35 ± 12 years) and 30 healthy controls matched for age, gender and body mass index underwent spirometry, measurement of mouth occlusion pressures, and diaphragm ultrasound. Six-minute walking distance (6MWD) and New York Heart Association functional class were used to quantify exercise intolerance. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: ACHD patients showed lower forced vital capacity (FVC), and maximum inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory (PEmax) pressures compared with controls (all p < 0.05). On ultrasound, ACHD patients showed a lower diaphragm thickening ratio (2.3 ± 0.5 vs. 2.8 ± 0.9, p < 0.01) and lower diaphragm excursion velocity during a voluntary sniff maneuver (5.7 ± 2.2 vs. 7.6 ± 2.0 cm/s, p < 0.01). Respiratory parameters, such as FVC (r = 0.53; p < 0.01) and PImax (r = 0.43; p = 0.02), correlated with 6MWD. Furthermore, amino terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels were inversely correlated with FVC (r = -0.54; p < 0.01). Circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines were markedly increased, and IL-6 was correlated with 6MWD, dyspnea, and biomarkers of heart, lung and inspiratory muscle function (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that diaphragm dysfunction is present in ACHD and relates to restrictive ventilation disorder and exercise intolerance, possibly mediated by increased IL-6 levels.
BACKGROUND: In adult patients with congenital heart disease (ACHD), both underlying disease and lung restriction contribute to exercise intolerance. In ACHD the yet incompletely understood mechanism underlying restricted ventilation may be inspiratory muscle weakness. Therefore, this study comprehensively evaluated inspiratory muscle function in ACHD and associations with systemic inflammation and the clinical severity of exercise intolerance. METHODS: 30 ACHD patients (21 men, 35 ± 12 years) and 30 healthy controls matched for age, gender and body mass index underwent spirometry, measurement of mouth occlusion pressures, and diaphragm ultrasound. Six-minute walking distance (6MWD) and New York Heart Association functional class were used to quantify exercise intolerance. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: ACHD patients showed lower forced vital capacity (FVC), and maximum inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory (PEmax) pressures compared with controls (all p < 0.05). On ultrasound, ACHD patients showed a lower diaphragm thickening ratio (2.3 ± 0.5 vs. 2.8 ± 0.9, p < 0.01) and lower diaphragm excursion velocity during a voluntary sniff maneuver (5.7 ± 2.2 vs. 7.6 ± 2.0 cm/s, p < 0.01). Respiratory parameters, such as FVC (r = 0.53; p < 0.01) and PImax (r = 0.43; p = 0.02), correlated with 6MWD. Furthermore, amino terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide levels were inversely correlated with FVC (r = -0.54; p < 0.01). Circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines were markedly increased, and IL-6 was correlated with 6MWD, dyspnea, and biomarkers of heart, lung and inspiratory muscle function (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show that diaphragm dysfunction is present in ACHD and relates to restrictive ventilation disorder and exercise intolerance, possibly mediated by increased IL-6 levels.
Authors: Laura M Wienecke; Sarah Cohen; Johann Bauersachs; Alexandre Mebazaa; Benjamin G Chousterman Journal: Heart Fail Rev Date: 2021-12-02 Impact factor: 4.654