Erica T Perrier1, Lawrence E Armstrong2,3, Jeanne H Bottin4, William F Clark5, Alberto Dolci4, Isabelle Guelinckx4, Alison Iroz4, Stavros A Kavouras6, Florian Lang7, Harris R Lieberman8, Olle Melander9, Clementine Morin4, Isabelle Seksek4, Jodi D Stookey10, Ivan Tack11, Tiphaine Vanhaecke4, Mariacristina Vecchio4, François Péronnet12. 1. Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France. erica.perrier@danone.com. 2. Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. 3. Hydration & Nutrition, LLC, Newport News, VA, USA. 4. Health, Hydration & Nutrition Science, Danone Research, Route Départementale 128, 91767, Palaiseau cedex, France. 5. London Health Sciences Centre and Western University, London, ON, Canada. 6. College of Health Solutions and Hydration Science Lab, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA. 7. Department of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany. 8. , Westwood, MA, USA. 9. Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. 10. Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA. 11. Explorations Fonctionnelles Physiologiques, Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse, France. 12. École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
Abstract
PURPOSE: An increasing body of evidence suggests that excreting a generous volume of diluted urine is associated with short- and long-term beneficial health effects, especially for kidney and metabolic function. However, water intake and hydration remain under-investigated and optimal hydration is poorly and inconsistently defined. This review tests the hypothesis that optimal chronic water intake positively impacts various aspects of health and proposes an evidence-based definition of optimal hydration. METHODS: Search strategy included PubMed and Google Scholar using relevant keywords for each health outcome, complemented by manual search of article reference lists and the expertise of relevant practitioners for each area studied. RESULTS: The available literature suggest the effects of increased water intake on health may be direct, due to increased urine flow or urine dilution, or indirect, mediated by a reduction in osmotically -stimulated vasopressin (AVP). Urine flow affects the formation of kidney stones and recurrence of urinary tract infection, while increased circulating AVP is implicated in metabolic disease, chronic kidney disease, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. CONCLUSION: In order to ensure optimal hydration, it is proposed that optimal total water intake should approach 2.5 to 3.5 L day-1 to allow for the daily excretion of 2 to 3 L of dilute (< 500 mOsm kg-1) urine. Simple urinary markers of hydration such as urine color or void frequency may be used to monitor and adjust intake.
PURPOSE: An increasing body of evidence suggests that excreting a generous volume of diluted urine is associated with short- and long-term beneficial health effects, especially for kidney and metabolic function. However, water intake and hydration remain under-investigated and optimal hydration is poorly and inconsistently defined. This review tests the hypothesis that optimal chronic water intake positively impacts various aspects of health and proposes an evidence-based definition of optimal hydration. METHODS: Search strategy included PubMed and Google Scholar using relevant keywords for each health outcome, complemented by manual search of article reference lists and the expertise of relevant practitioners for each area studied. RESULTS: The available literature suggest the effects of increased water intake on health may be direct, due to increased urine flow or urine dilution, or indirect, mediated by a reduction in osmotically -stimulated vasopressin (AVP). Urine flow affects the formation of kidney stones and recurrence of urinary tract infection, while increased circulating AVP is implicated in metabolic disease, chronic kidney disease, and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. CONCLUSION: In order to ensure optimal hydration, it is proposed that optimal total water intake should approach 2.5 to 3.5 L day-1 to allow for the daily excretion of 2 to 3 L of dilute (< 500 mOsm kg-1) urine. Simple urinary markers of hydration such as urine color or void frequency may be used to monitor and adjust intake.
Entities:
Keywords:
Arginine vasopressin; Copeptin; Metabolic; Renal; Water
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