Kate Lycett1,2,3, Markus Juonala2,4,5, Costan G Magnussen6,7,8, David Norrish2,6, Fiona K Mensah2,3, Richard Liu2,3, Susan A Clifford2,3, John B Carlin2,3, Tim Olds2,8, Richard Saffery2,3, Jessica A Kerr2,3, Sarath Ranganathan2,3, Louise A Baur9, Matthew A Sabin2,3, Michael Cheung2,3, Terence Dwyer2,10, Mengjiao Liu2,3, David Burgner2,3,11, Melissa Wake2,3. 1. Centre for Social & Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia; kate.lycett@mcri.edu.au. 2. Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 3. Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 4. Department of Internal Medicine and. 5. Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland. 6. Research School of Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 7. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. 8. Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia. 9. Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. 10. Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. 11. Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To examine how overweight and obesity at specific ages and overall BMI growth patterns throughout childhood predict cardiometabolic phenotypes at 11 to 12 years. METHODS: In a population-based sample of 5107 infants, BMI was measured every 2 years between ages 2 to 3 and 10 to 11 years. We identified 5 BMI trajectories using growth curve models. At ages 11 to 12 years, 1811 children completed assessments for metabolic syndrome risk scores, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and carotid intima-media thickness. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate associations, adjusted for potential confounders (eg, age, sex, smoking exposure, and small for gestational age). RESULTS: Overweight and obesity from early childhood onward were strongly associated with higher cardiometabolic risk at 11 to 12 years of age. At age 6 to 7 years, compared with those with a healthy weight, children with overweight had higher metabolic syndrome risk scores by 0.23 SD units (95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.41) and with obesity by 0.76 SD units (0.51-1.01), with associations almost doubling by age 10 to 11 years. Obese (but not overweight) children had higher outcome pulse wave velocity (0.64-0.73 SD units) from ages 6 to 7 years and slightly higher outcome carotid intima-media thickness (0.20-0.30 SD units) at all ages. Cumulative exposure to high BMI from 2 to 3 years of age carried the greatest cardiometabolic risk, with a gradient of risk across trajectories. CONCLUSIONS: High early-childhood BMI is already silently associated with the development of cardiometabolic risk by 11 to 12 years, highlighting the urgent need for effective action to reduce overweight and obesity in early childhood.
OBJECTIVES: To examine how overweight and obesity at specific ages and overall BMI growth patterns throughout childhood predict cardiometabolic phenotypes at 11 to 12 years. METHODS: In a population-based sample of 5107 infants, BMI was measured every 2 years between ages 2 to 3 and 10 to 11 years. We identified 5 BMI trajectories using growth curve models. At ages 11 to 12 years, 1811 children completed assessments for metabolic syndrome risk scores, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and carotid intima-media thickness. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate associations, adjusted for potential confounders (eg, age, sex, smoking exposure, and small for gestational age). RESULTS: Overweight and obesity from early childhood onward were strongly associated with higher cardiometabolic risk at 11 to 12 years of age. At age 6 to 7 years, compared with those with a healthy weight, children with overweight had higher metabolic syndrome risk scores by 0.23 SD units (95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.41) and with obesity by 0.76 SD units (0.51-1.01), with associations almost doubling by age 10 to 11 years. Obese (but not overweight) children had higher outcome pulse wave velocity (0.64-0.73 SD units) from ages 6 to 7 years and slightly higher outcome carotid intima-media thickness (0.20-0.30 SD units) at all ages. Cumulative exposure to high BMI from 2 to 3 years of age carried the greatest cardiometabolic risk, with a gradient of risk across trajectories. CONCLUSIONS: High early-childhood BMI is already silently associated with the development of cardiometabolic risk by 11 to 12 years, highlighting the urgent need for effective action to reduce overweight and obesity in early childhood.
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