The Benefits of Going Small: Nanostructures for Mammalian Cell Transfection.

Nanostructures, with their localized interactions with mammalian cells, can offer better efficiency and lower cell perturbation than conventional viral, biochemical, and electroporation transfection techniques. In this Perspective, I describe the different stages of transfection and provide a comparison of transfection techniques based on their mechanisms. Focusing on specific aims of transfection, I also illustrate how recent developments in high-aspect-ratio nanostructures have endowed them with properties that are superior to existing viral, biochemical, and electroporation methods as a versatile technique to deliver a variety of cargoes and to interface with different mammalian cell types for biomedical applications. Finally, I describe the challenges associated with transfection that need to be overcome to enhance cargo delivery efficiency and clinical translation.