Activation of Mitochondrial orf355 Gene Expression by a Nuclear-Encoded DREB Transcription Factor Causes Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Maize.

Coordination between mitochondria and the nucleus is crucial for fertility determination in plants with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Using yeast one-hybrid screening, we identified a transcription factor, ZmDREB1.7, that is highly expressed in sterile microspores at the large vacuole stage and activates the expression of mitochondria-encoded CMS gene orf355. Δpro, a weak allele of ZmDREB1.7 with the loss of a key unfolded protein response (UPR) motif in the promoter, partially restores male fertility of CMS-S maize. ZmDREB1.7 expression increases rapidly in response to antimycin A treatment, but this response is attenuated in the Δpro allele. Furthermore, we found that expression of orf355 in mitochondria activates mitochondrial retrograde signaling, which in turn induces ZmDREB1.7 expression. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that positive-feedback transcriptional regulation between a nuclear regulator and a mitochondrial CMS gene determines male sterility in maize, providing new insights into nucleus-mitochondria communication in plants.