Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation system that plays an important role in several biological processes. Although some studies indicate that autophagy may play a role in lens degradation and cataracts formation, its underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Autophagy‑related gene 4a (ATG4a) cleaves autophagy‑related protein 8 (Atg8) near the C terminus, allowing Atg8 to conjugate with phosphatidylethanolamine via the exposed glycine; although this is pivotal in cancer development, no study has yet linked it to eye diseases. In the present study, the protein expression of ATG4a is significantly upregulated in hydrogen peroxide‑treated lens epithelial cells (HLE‑B3), indicating that ATG4a may play an important role in lens degradation. ATG4a was overexpressed using lentivirus in lens epithelial cells to observe the effect of ATG4a on various phenotypes by transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, EdU incorporation assay, flow cytometry and in situ cell death detection. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of ATG4a could promote autophagy by promoting the adenosine 5'‑monophosphate‑activated protein kinase pathway and inhibiting the Akt pathway. It also upregulated the proliferation and downregulated the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells. Overall, the present study showed that ATG4a plays a vital role in lens degradation and that it could be a potential target in cataract therapies.
Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation system that plays an important role in several biological processes. Although some studies indicate that autophagy may play a role in lens degradation and cataracts formation, its underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Autophagy‑related gene 4a (ATG4a) cleaves autophagy‑related protein 8 (Atg8) near the C terminus, allowing Atg8 to conjugate with phosphatidylethanolamine via the exposed glycine; although this is pivotal in cancer development, no study has yet linked it to eye diseases. In the present study, the protein expression of ATG4a is significantly upregulated in hydrogen peroxide‑treated lens epithelial cells (HLE‑B3), indicating that ATG4a may play an important role in lens degradation. ATG4a was overexpressed using lentivirus in lens epithelial cells to observe the effect of ATG4a on various phenotypes by transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, EdU incorporation assay, flow cytometry and in situ cell death detection. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of ATG4a could promote autophagy by promoting the adenosine 5'‑monophosphate‑activated protein kinase pathway and inhibiting the Akt pathway. It also upregulated the proliferation and downregulated the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells. Overall, the present study showed that ATG4a plays a vital role in lens degradation and that it could be a potential target in cataract therapies.
The lens is an avascular tissue located in front of the vitreous body in the eyes. Light passes through the lens and reaches the retina to form a clear image and therefore the transparency of the lens is important. The lens contains two types of cells, which are lens epithelial cells and lens fiber cells; the organelles in the epithelial cells degrade and differentiate into fiber cells (1). A cataract is one of the most common eye diseases and the leading cause of blindness worldwide (2). Age-related cataracts is the most common type of this disease and it can significantly lower quality of life (3). Perturbation of the lens redox status has been considered as the major cause of age-related cataracts (4). At present, surgical removal of the lens is the primary therapy for this disease. However, there is a lack of effective medical treatment; therefore, several researchers have tried to explain its underlying mechanism in order to delay or eliminate the occurrence of the disease and to identify a therapeutic target (5,6). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) elicits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS increases oxidative stress and crystal protein mutation in lens epithelial cells; therefore, H2O2 is widely used in building a cataract cell model to simulate the development of an aging lens and the formation of age-related cataract (7).Autophagy is a major intracellular degradation system, which occurs in almost all cells (8). The dysfunctional cytoplasmic materials, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, are sequestered by double-membrane autophagosomes and then delivered into the lysosomes for degradation and recycling (9). Normally, autophagy is divided into the following three types: Macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy; the first type is the most widely investigated (10). It has been demonstrated that autophagy, especially macroautophagy, may play an important role in the development of cataracts in the lens (11). p62, an autophagy substrate, is downregulated when autophagy is activated (12). By contrast, during autophagy, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)B changes from the soluble form (LC3BI) to the lipid-modified form (LC3BII). Beclin is a critical component of the class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, which can regulate the autophagy process (13). Therefore, beclin, LC3BII/I and p62 are used as biomarkers to demonstrate the occurrence of autophagy.Thus far, >30 autophagy-related genes have been reported. Among them, autophagy-related gene 4 (ATG4) encodes a cysteine protease that contains four homologs (ATG4A/ATG4B/ATG4C/ATG4D) (14). ATG4a can cleave autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8) near the C terminus, allowing Atg8 to conjugate phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) via the exposed glycine. This Atg8-PE system plays an important role in autophagosome formation (15,16).Although several studies have demonstrated that ATG4 is pivotal in the development of some cancers, such as colorectal cancer, cervical cancer and breast cancer, and it is a promising therapeutic target to treat tumors (17–19), to the best of the authors' knowledge, no research has connected it to lens degradation and cataract formation. As autophagy is a crucial process in lens degradation, the present study explored the biological function of ATG4a in lens epithelial cells.
Materials and methods
Cell culture
The lens epithelial cell line HLE-B3 was purchased from American Type Culture Collection. It was cultured in minimum essential medium (MEM; HyClone; Cytiva) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; AusGeneX Pty, Ltd.) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution (HyClone; Cytiva) in a humidified environment of 5% CO2 at 37°C. H2O2 (3%; Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) was diluted with MEM to a concentration of ~200 µmol/l. HLE-B3 cells were treated with 200 µmol/l H2O2 and termed the H2O2 group. Untreated HLE-B3 cells were cultured as the control group.
Lentiviral transduction
To overexpress ATG4a, ATG4a sequence was cloned into a lentiviral vector, pLenti-GIII- CMV-GFP-2A-Puro vector (cat. no. LV082668; Applied Biological Materials, Inc.). An empty vector was used as a negative control (NC). The sequencing primers of the ATG4a lentiviral vector were as follows: CMV sequencing primer, 5′-CGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTG-3′; SV40 reverse sequencing primer, 5′-TAGTCAGCCATGGGGCGGAGA-3′.Cells were transferred to 6-well plates at a cell density of 50–60% and cultured in MEM with 10% FBS for 24 h. Then, the medium was replaced with Opti-MEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) reduced-serum medium, to which 4.0 µg plasmid DNA and 10 µl LipoGene™ 2000 Star Transfection Reagent (US Everbright, Inc.) with 0.5 ml Opti-MEM were added; the mixture was incubated for 20 min at room temperature. The mixture in each plate was mixed with another 2 ml Opti-MEM and incubated under 5% CO2 in a 37°C incubator for 6 h; then, the medium was replaced with complete medium and cultured for another 48 h. Cells transfected with the ATG4a and empty vectors were termed the overexpression (OE)-ATG4a and NC groups, respectively. Total proteins were harvested 36 h after transfection, and other experiments were performed 24 h after transfection.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Standard TEM was performed for the ultrastructural analysis of the H2O2, control, OE-ATG4a and NC groups. Cells were pretreated and fixed with electron microscope-fixing fluid (2.5% glutaric dialdehyde solution; Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd.) for 2 h at room temperature and then stored at 4°C. The cells were then embedded in 1% agarose and fixed in 1% osmic acid for 2 h at room temperature, followed by dehydration with ethanol (50, 70, 80, 90, 95, 100%) and acetone (100%) at room temperature for 15 min each. Cells were then treated with 50% (2–4 h), 66% (overnight) and 100% (5–8 h) epoxy resin at room temperature, followed by 100% epoxy resin, and heated at 37°C overnight and then 60°C for 48 h. The agarose-embedded cells were cut into thin sections (60–80 nm) and stained with 2% uranyl acetate and 2% lead citrate for 15 min at room temperature. Then, the sections were observed at 80 kV by a Hitachi TEM system (HT7700, Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation). Cells and autophagosomes were defined as structures measuring 5.0 and 2.0 µm, respectively. The results were analyzed by ImageJ version 1.46r (National Institutes of Health) and GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) software.
Western blotting
Protein expression levels of autophagy biomarkers were determined in the H2O2, control, OE-ATG4a and NC groups. The total protein was extracted using the Total Protein Extraction kit for Animal Cultured Cells and Tissues (Invent Biotechnologies, Inc.) on ice and quantified using BCA (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). The extracted protein samples were stored at −80°C.Equal amounts of protein (40 µg) were electrophoresed via SDS-PAGE on 12% gels (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) and blotted onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (EMD Millipore). The membranes were blocked with QuickBlock™ blocking buffer for western blotting (cat. no. P0252; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) for 15 min at room temperature and then incubated overnight at 4°C with the following primary antibodies: Anti-ATG4A (cat. no. ab223374; 1:1,000; Abcam), anti-p62 (cat. no. ab109012; 1:5,000; Abcam), anti-LC3 (cat. no. ab192890; 1:2,000; Abcam), anti-beclin (cat. no. ab207612; 1:2,000; Abcam), anti-Akt (cat. no. YT0178; 1:1,000; ImmunoWay Biotechnology Company), anti-phosphorylated (p-)Akt (cat. no. YP0006; 1:1,000; ImmunoWay Biotechnology Company), anti-adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK; cat. no. YT0216; 1:1,000; ImmunoWay Biotechnology Company), anti-p-AMPK (cat. no. YP0575; 1:1,000; ImmunoWay Biotechnology Company), anti-GAPDH (cat. no. ab181602; 1:10,000; Abcam). After washing three times for 10 min each, the membranes were incubated with the secondary antibodies (cat. no. S0001; 1:2,000; Affinity Biosciences) for 2 h at room temperature and then washed again in TBS with 0.1% Tween-20 three times for 10 min each. The membranes were visualized using the Super ECL Plus kit (US Everbright, Inc.) and developed using a chemiluminescence system (FluorChem FC2 imaging system, ProteinSimple). Signal intensities were visualized by AlphaView software version 3.4.0.0 (ProteinSimple). Data were analyzed with ImageJ version 1.46r (National Institutes of Health) and GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) software. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
EdU incorporation assay
Cell proliferation rates were analyzed using the EdU incorporation assay in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. HLE-B3 cells at a density of 80% were cultured in a 96-well plate, each group had three replicates. The analysis was performed using the Cell-Light EdU Apollo 488 In Vitro kit (cat. no. C10310-3; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.) following the manufacturer's protocol. The percentage of EdU positive cells between the OE-ATG4a and NC groups was compared using ImageJ version 1.46r (National Institutes of Health) and SPSS 23.0 (IBM Corp.) software.
Flow cytometry analysis
Cell apoptosis (early and late apoptosis) in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups was analyzed using a flow cytometer. HLE-B3 cells were cultured in a 6-well plate and each group had three replicates. The cells were harvested using trypsin without EDTA and washed with PBS twice. The cells were resuspended in 1X binding buffer at a concentration of >1×106 cells/ml. Thereafter, 100 µl of the solution was transferred into a 5-ml culture tube, to which 5 µl FITCAnnexin V Apoptosis Detection kit I (BD Biosciences) and 5 µl propidium iodide (PI) were added. The mixture was gently vortexed for 15 min at room temperature in the dark. Subsequently, 400 µl 1X binding buffer was added to each tube and analyzed using BD LSRFortessa and FACSDiva version 6.2 (BD Biosciences) within 1 h. The results were analyzed by ImageJ version 1.46r (National Institutes of Health) and GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) software.
In situ cell death detection
Cell death was detected using the In Situ Cell Death Detection kit (Roche Diagnostics) in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. HLE-B3 cells at a density of 80% were cultured in a 96-well plate at 37°C, each group had three replicates. In brief, the cells were washed with PBS three times and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS at room temperature for 1 h. The cells were then incubated in permeabilization solution for 2 min on ice. The TUNEL reaction mixture was prepared and added into each well (50 µl/well); the cells were incubated at 37°C in the dark for 1 h. DAPI (1:1,000) was used to stain the cell nucleus at room temperature for 5 min in the dark and mounting medium was applied to cells (cat. no. S2110; Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd). Images were captured by an Olympus IX71 fluorescence microscope (Olympus Corporation) at magnification, ×200. The percentage of dead cells between the OE-ATG4a and NC groups was compared using ImageJ version 1.46r (National Institutes of Health) and SPSS 23.0 (IBM Corp.).
Statistical analysis
All data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 (IBM Corp.) and GraphPad Prism 5 (GraphPad Software, Inc.). The values are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. The data were analyzed using the independent-samples t-test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
H2O2 can induce autophagy in lens epithelial cells
Autophagy plays an important role in lens degradation and cataract formation (11). To investigate whether H2O2 can induce autophagy in lens epithelial cells, TEM and western blotting were performed in both H2O2 and control groups. TEM showed that, compared with the control group, the number (P<0.05) and size (P<0.001) of autophagosomes in the H2O2 group were significantly upregulated, indicating that the rate of autophagy was increased (Fig. 1A-C). The results of western blotting showed that the protein expression of ATG4a was significantly upregulated in the H2O2 group compared with the control group (P<0.001; Fig. 1D and E), indicating that this gene might play an important role in autophagy in lens epithelial cells. The protein expression of beclin was significantly upregulated in the H2O2 group compared with the control group (P<0.001; Fig. 1D and F). By contrast, the protein expression of p62 was significantly downregulated (P<0.001; Fig. 1D and H). Although the expression of LC3BII/I (P<0.01; Fig. 1D and G) did not indicate the upregulation of autophagy, the results of both TEM and western blotting demonstrated the existence of autophagy in H2O2-induced lens epithelial cells.
Figure 1.
Autophagosomes in lens epithelial cells. (A) Transmission electron micrographs of the autophagosomes (red arrows) in the H2O2 and control groups. (B) Quantification of the number of autophagosomes in the H2O2 and control groups. (C) Quantification of the size of autophagosomes in the H2O2 and control groups. (D) Western blot analysis of the protein expression level of (E) ATG4a and (F) beclin in each group. (G) Quantification of the protein expression ratio of LC3II/I in each group. (H) Quantification of the protein expression level of p62 in each group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. ATG4a, autophagy-related protein 4; LC3, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide.
Overexpression of ATG4a activates autophagy in lens epithelial cell
To confirm that ATG4a can specifically regulate autophagy, TEM and western blotting were performed in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. TEM showed that in the OE-ATG4a group (Fig. 2A) the amount of autophagosomes was not significantly different from that in the control group (P>0.05; Fig. 2B), but their size was significantly increased (P<0.001; Fig. 2C). Western blotting confirmed that the protein expression of beclin (P<0.001) and LC3BII/I (P<0.01) was significantly upregulated in the OE-ATG4a group compared with the NC group (Fig. 2D, F and G). By contrast, the protein expression of p62 was significantly downregulated (P<0.001; Fig. 2D and H), verifying that ATG4a can activate autophagy in lens epithelial cells.
Figure 2.
Protein expression level of autophagy biomarkers in lens epithelial cells. (A) Transmission electron micrographs of the autophagosomes (red arrows) in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. (B) Quantification of the number of autophagosomes in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. (C) Quantification of the size of autophagosomes in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. (D) Western blot analysis of the protein expression level of ATG4a, beclin, LC3 and p62 in lens epithelial cells. (E) Quantification of the protein expression level of ATG4a and (F) beclin in each group. (G) Quantification of the protein expression ratio of LC3II/I in each group. (H) Quantification of the protein expression level of p62 in each group. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. NC, negative control; ns, no significance; ATG4a, autophagy-related protein 4; LC3, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; OE, overexpression group.
ATG4a influences the AMPK and Akt pathways in lens epithelial cells
To investigate the autophagy pathways in which ATG4a is involved, western blotting was performed in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups (Fig. 3A). Compared with the NC group, the ratio of protein expression of p-AMPK and AMPK was significantly elevated in the OE-ATG4a group (P<0.001; Fig. 3B), indicating that the overexpression of ATG4a significantly activated the phosphorylation of AMPK. By contrast, the trend was reversed for the ratio of p-Akt and Akt (P<0.001; Fig. 3C), indicating that the overexpression of ATG4a can inhibit the activation of p-Akt. These results suggested that ATG4a may play a role in autophagy by promoting the AMPK pathway and inhibiting the Akt pathway.
Figure 3.
ATG4a promotes the AMPK pathway and inhibits the Akt pathway in lens epithelial cells. (A) Western blot analysis of the protein expression level of p-AMPK, AMPK, p-Akt and Akt in lens epithelial cells. Quantification of the protein expression ratio of (B) p-AMPK/AMPK and (C) p-Akt/Akt in each group. ***P<0.001. ATG4a, autophagy-related protein 4; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; p-, phosphorylated; OE, overexpression group.
ATG4a promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis
To investigate the relationship between ATG4a and cell proliferation and apoptosis, the EdU incorporation assay, FITC/PI double staining tested by flow cytometry and in situ cell death detection assay were performed in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. The EdU incorporation assay showed that ATG4a could significantly promote cell proliferation (P<0.05; Fig. 4A and D). Although the flow cytometry analysis results did not show a significant difference (P>0.05), it was observed that in the OE-ATG4a group, the apoptosis rate of lens epithelial cells was lower compared with that in the NC group, indicating that ATG4a may inhibit apoptosis (Fig. 4B and E). To further confirm this finding, a cell death detection assay was performed in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. The results showed that, in the OE-ATG4a group, the percentage of TUNEL positive cells was lower compared with that in the NC group (P<0.001) and the difference was significant, indicating that ATG4a can inhibit apoptosis (Fig. 4C and F).
Figure 4.
ATG4a promotes proliferation and inhibits the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells. (A) EdU incorporation assay in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. (B) Flow cytometry results of Annexin V-FITC/PI staining in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. (C) Cell death assay results of TUNEL staining in the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. (D) Quantification of EdU-positive cells between the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. (E) Quantification of Annexin V-FITC/PI staining between the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. (F) Quantification of TUNEL positive cells between the OE-ATG4a and NC groups. *P<0.05, ***P<0.001. ATG4a, autophagy-related protein 4; ns, no significance; NC, negative control; OE, overexpression group; PI, propidium iodide.
Discussion
The present study for the first time, to the best of the authors' knowledge, demonstrated that ATG4a-mediated autophagy played an important role in the proliferation and apoptosis of lens epithelial cells, and that this might occur via the AMPK and Akt pathways.H2O2-induced lens epithelial cells have been widely used as a model for lens degradation and cataract formation, according to previous studies, 200 µmol/l was chosen as the concentration (20,21). In the present study, this model was used to simulate the degradation of the lens in the eyes. TEM showed that the number and size of autophagosomes in the H2O2 group were significantly higher compared with those in the control group. The western blot analysis further validated the results; the protein expression of beclin was significantly increased and the protein expression of p62 was decreased after H2O2 treatment, suggesting that autophagy was significantly upregulated in H2O2-treated lens epithelial cells. Furthermore, western blotting showed that the protein expression of ATG4a was upregulated in H2O2-treated lens epithelial cells.Briefly, ATG4a is an enzyme that can cleave LC3I to produce LC3II; It plays an important role in the formation of autophagic vesicle membranes (12). ATG4a is also the only protease encoded by the autophagy-related genes (22). The upregulation of ATG4a in H2O2-treated lens epithelial cells indicated that ATG4a may play a key role in lens degradation.Previous studies have demonstrated that ATG4a can promote metastasis of tumor cells (23) and can be used as a target in chemotherapy of cancer (24). To explore the biological functions of ATG4a in lens epithelial cells, a model of ATG4a overexpression was constructed. TEM demonstrated that, compared with the NC group, the size of autophagosomes increased in the OE-ATG4a group. Several techniques including western blotting, immunofluorescence assay and a dual-fluorescence mRFP-eGFP-LC3 system can evaluate the function of effector proteins and autophagy flux (25,26). In the present study, western blotting demonstrated that the protein expression of beclin and LC3II/I was upregulated and that of p62 was downregulated in the OE-ATG4a group. TEM is considered one of the main and most important methods for the detection of autophagy (27,28). Furthermore, beclin, LC3II/I and p62 are routinely used as biomarkers to measure the rate and occurrence of autophagy (29–32). The results indicated that ATG4a could activate autophagy in lens epithelial cells.The Akt and AMPK signaling pathways are important pathways in the autophagy process. Normally, Akt activates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, which is a negative regulator of autophagy, by inhibiting the tuberous sclerosis complex 1/2 (TSC1/TSC2) protein complex and thus inhibiting autophagy (33). In a previous study, the ratio of p-Akt/Akt in H9C2 cells was significantly reduced following exposure to H2O2 and triggered autophagy, indicating that the Akt pathway at least partly modulates autophagy (34). AMPK activation leads to the phosphorylation and activation of TSC1/2 and inhibition of mTOR; thus indicating that it is a positive regulator of autophagy (35). In the present study, the ratio of p-AMPK/AMPK was significantly increased and the ratio of p-Akt/Akt was decreased in the OE-ATG4a group compared with the NC group, indicating that these two pathways might be modulated by ATG4a in lens epithelial cells, but the exact mechanism needs further research. Nevertheless, the activation and inhibition of these two autophagy pathways further demonstrated that ATG4a can promote autophagy in lens epithelial cells.Increasing evidence has demonstrated that cell proliferation and apoptosis are affected by autophagy (8,36,37). Studies have demonstrated that autophagy can promote cell growth (38,39), but the relationship between apoptosis and autophagy is complex and often appears contradictory (36,40). Normally, autophagy can maintain cell homeostasis under stressful conditions and prevent cell death (8), but in some neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, it can also be a pathogenic factor (37). Therefore, elucidating the exact functions of autophagy genes will improve our knowledge on how to protect or induce cell death. The present study demonstrated that ATG4a had a positive effect on cell proliferation, using the EdU incorporation assay. As for apoptosis, although the FITC/PI staining assay did not show a statistical difference between the two groups, the in situ cell death detection assay showed that the apoptosis rate in the OE-ATG4a group was significantly downregulated compared with the NC group, suggesting that ATG4A could inhibit apoptosis in lens epithelial cells.Taken together, the present study demonstrated that ATG4a could induce autophagy in lens epithelial cells and that this might activate the AMPK and inhibit Akt pathways. Furthermore, ATG4a increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis, indicating that ATG4a plays an important role in lens degradation and cataract formation.
Authors: Daniel J Klionsky; Kotb Abdelmohsen; Akihisa Abe; Md Joynal Abedin; Hagai Abeliovich; Abraham Acevedo Arozena; Hiroaki Adachi; Christopher M Adams; Peter D Adams; Khosrow Adeli; Peter J Adhihetty; Sharon G Adler; Galila Agam; Rajesh Agarwal; Manish K Aghi; Maria Agnello; Patrizia Agostinis; Patricia V Aguilar; Julio Aguirre-Ghiso; Edoardo M Airoldi; Slimane Ait-Si-Ali; Takahiko Akematsu; Emmanuel T Akporiaye; Mohamed Al-Rubeai; Guillermo M Albaiceta; Chris Albanese; Diego Albani; Matthew L Albert; Jesus Aldudo; Hana Algül; Mehrdad Alirezaei; Iraide Alloza; Alexandru Almasan; Maylin Almonte-Beceril; Emad S Alnemri; Covadonga Alonso; Nihal Altan-Bonnet; Dario C Altieri; Silvia Alvarez; Lydia Alvarez-Erviti; Sandro Alves; Giuseppina Amadoro; Atsuo Amano; Consuelo Amantini; Santiago Ambrosio; Ivano Amelio; Amal O Amer; Mohamed Amessou; Angelika Amon; Zhenyi An; Frank A Anania; Stig U Andersen; Usha P Andley; Catherine K Andreadi; Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie; Alberto Anel; David K Ann; Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie; Manuela Antonioli; Hiroshi Aoki; Nadezda Apostolova; Saveria Aquila; Katia Aquilano; Koichi Araki; Eli Arama; Agustin Aranda; Jun Araya; Alexandre Arcaro; Esperanza Arias; Hirokazu Arimoto; Aileen R Ariosa; Jane L Armstrong; Thierry Arnould; Ivica Arsov; Katsuhiko Asanuma; Valerie Askanas; Eric Asselin; Ryuichiro Atarashi; Sally S Atherton; Julie D Atkin; Laura D Attardi; Patrick Auberger; Georg Auburger; Laure Aurelian; Riccardo Autelli; Laura Avagliano; Maria Laura Avantaggiati; Limor Avrahami; Suresh Awale; Neelam Azad; Tiziana Bachetti; Jonathan M Backer; Dong-Hun Bae; Jae-Sung Bae; Ok-Nam Bae; Soo Han Bae; Eric H Baehrecke; Seung-Hoon Baek; Stephen Baghdiguian; Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna; Hua Bai; Jie Bai; Xue-Yuan Bai; Yannick Bailly; Kithiganahalli Narayanaswamy Balaji; Walter Balduini; Andrea Ballabio; Rena Balzan; Rajkumar Banerjee; Gábor Bánhegyi; Haijun Bao; Benoit Barbeau; Maria D Barrachina; Esther Barreiro; Bonnie Bartel; Alberto Bartolomé; Diane C Bassham; Maria Teresa Bassi; Robert C Bast; Alakananda Basu; Maria Teresa Batista; Henri Batoko; Maurizio Battino; Kyle Bauckman; Bradley L Baumgarner; K Ulrich Bayer; Rupert Beale; Jean-François Beaulieu; George R Beck; Christoph Becker; J David Beckham; Pierre-André Bédard; Patrick J Bednarski; Thomas J Begley; Christian Behl; Christian Behrends; Georg Mn Behrens; Kevin E Behrns; Eloy Bejarano; Amine Belaid; Francesca Belleudi; Giovanni Bénard; Guy Berchem; Daniele Bergamaschi; Matteo Bergami; Ben Berkhout; Laura Berliocchi; Amélie Bernard; Monique Bernard; Francesca Bernassola; Anne Bertolotti; Amanda S Bess; Sébastien Besteiro; Saverio Bettuzzi; Savita Bhalla; Shalmoli Bhattacharyya; Sujit K Bhutia; Caroline Biagosch; Michele Wolfe Bianchi; Martine Biard-Piechaczyk; Viktor Billes; Claudia Bincoletto; Baris Bingol; Sara W Bird; Marc Bitoun; Ivana Bjedov; Craig Blackstone; Lionel Blanc; Guillermo A Blanco; Heidi Kiil Blomhoff; Emilio Boada-Romero; Stefan Böckler; Marianne Boes; Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia; Lawrence H Boise; Alessandra Bolino; Andrea Boman; Paolo Bonaldo; Matteo Bordi; Jürgen Bosch; Luis M Botana; Joelle Botti; German Bou; Marina Bouché; Marion Bouchecareilh; Marie-Josée Boucher; Michael E Boulton; Sebastien G Bouret; Patricia Boya; Michaël Boyer-Guittaut; Peter V Bozhkov; Nathan Brady; Vania Mm Braga; Claudio Brancolini; Gerhard H Braus; José M Bravo-San Pedro; Lisa A Brennan; Emery H Bresnick; Patrick Brest; Dave Bridges; Marie-Agnès Bringer; Marisa Brini; Glauber C Brito; Bertha Brodin; Paul S Brookes; Eric J Brown; Karen Brown; Hal E Broxmeyer; Alain Bruhat; Patricia Chakur Brum; John H Brumell; Nicola Brunetti-Pierri; Robert J Bryson-Richardson; Shilpa Buch; Alastair M Buchan; Hikmet Budak; Dmitry V Bulavin; Scott J Bultman; Geert Bultynck; Vladimir Bumbasirevic; Yan Burelle; Robert E Burke; Margit Burmeister; Peter Bütikofer; Laura Caberlotto; Ken Cadwell; Monika Cahova; Dongsheng Cai; Jingjing Cai; Qian Cai; Sara Calatayud; Nadine Camougrand; Michelangelo Campanella; Grant R Campbell; Matthew Campbell; Silvia Campello; Robin Candau; Isabella Caniggia; Lavinia Cantoni; Lizhi Cao; Allan B Caplan; Michele Caraglia; Claudio Cardinali; Sandra Morais Cardoso; Jennifer S Carew; Laura A Carleton; Cathleen R Carlin; Silvia Carloni; Sven R Carlsson; Didac Carmona-Gutierrez; Leticia Am Carneiro; Oliana Carnevali; Serena Carra; Alice Carrier; Bernadette Carroll; Caty Casas; Josefina Casas; Giuliana Cassinelli; Perrine Castets; Susana Castro-Obregon; Gabriella Cavallini; Isabella Ceccherini; Francesco Cecconi; Arthur I Cederbaum; Valentín Ceña; Simone Cenci; Claudia Cerella; Davide Cervia; Silvia Cetrullo; Hassan Chaachouay; Han-Jung Chae; Andrei S Chagin; Chee-Yin Chai; Gopal Chakrabarti; Georgios Chamilos; Edmond Yw Chan; Matthew Tv Chan; Dhyan Chandra; Pallavi Chandra; Chih-Peng Chang; Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang; Ta Yuan Chang; John C Chatham; Saurabh Chatterjee; Santosh Chauhan; Yongsheng Che; Michael E Cheetham; Rajkumar Cheluvappa; Chun-Jung Chen; Gang Chen; Guang-Chao Chen; Guoqiang Chen; Hongzhuan Chen; Jeff W Chen; Jian-Kang Chen; Min Chen; Mingzhou Chen; Peiwen Chen; Qi Chen; Quan Chen; Shang-Der Chen; Si Chen; Steve S-L Chen; Wei Chen; Wei-Jung Chen; Wen Qiang Chen; Wenli Chen; Xiangmei Chen; Yau-Hung Chen; Ye-Guang Chen; Yin Chen; Yingyu Chen; Yongshun Chen; Yu-Jen Chen; Yue-Qin Chen; Yujie Chen; Zhen Chen; Zhong Chen; Alan Cheng; Christopher Hk Cheng; Hua Cheng; Heesun Cheong; Sara Cherry; Jason Chesney; Chun Hei Antonio Cheung; Eric Chevet; Hsiang Cheng Chi; Sung-Gil Chi; Fulvio Chiacchiera; Hui-Ling Chiang; Roberto Chiarelli; Mario Chiariello; Marcello Chieppa; Lih-Shen Chin; Mario Chiong; Gigi Nc Chiu; Dong-Hyung Cho; Ssang-Goo Cho; William C Cho; Yong-Yeon Cho; Young-Seok Cho; Augustine Mk Choi; Eui-Ju Choi; Eun-Kyoung Choi; Jayoung Choi; Mary E Choi; Seung-Il Choi; Tsui-Fen Chou; Salem Chouaib; Divaker Choubey; Vinay Choubey; Kuan-Chih Chow; Kamal Chowdhury; Charleen T Chu; Tsung-Hsien Chuang; Taehoon Chun; Hyewon Chung; Taijoon Chung; Yuen-Li Chung; Yong-Joon Chwae; Valentina Cianfanelli; Roberto Ciarcia; Iwona A Ciechomska; Maria Rosa Ciriolo; Mara Cirone; Sofie Claerhout; Michael J Clague; Joan Clària; Peter Gh Clarke; Robert Clarke; Emilio Clementi; Cédric Cleyrat; Miriam Cnop; Eliana M Coccia; Tiziana Cocco; Patrice Codogno; Jörn Coers; Ezra Ew Cohen; David Colecchia; Luisa Coletto; Núria S Coll; Emma Colucci-Guyon; Sergio Comincini; Maria Condello; Katherine L Cook; Graham H Coombs; Cynthia D Cooper; J Mark Cooper; Isabelle Coppens; Maria Tiziana Corasaniti; Marco Corazzari; Ramon Corbalan; Elisabeth Corcelle-Termeau; Mario D Cordero; Cristina Corral-Ramos; Olga Corti; Andrea Cossarizza; Paola Costelli; Safia Costes; Susan L Cotman; Ana Coto-Montes; Sandra Cottet; Eduardo Couve; Lori R Covey; L Ashley Cowart; Jeffery S Cox; Fraser P Coxon; Carolyn B Coyne; Mark S Cragg; Rolf J Craven; Tiziana Crepaldi; Jose L Crespo; Alfredo Criollo; Valeria Crippa; Maria Teresa Cruz; Ana Maria Cuervo; Jose M Cuezva; Taixing Cui; Pedro R Cutillas; Mark J Czaja; Maria F Czyzyk-Krzeska; Ruben K Dagda; Uta Dahmen; Chunsun Dai; Wenjie Dai; Yun Dai; Kevin N Dalby; Luisa Dalla Valle; Guillaume Dalmasso; Marcello D'Amelio; Markus Damme; Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud; Catherine Dargemont; Victor M Darley-Usmar; Srinivasan Dasarathy; Biplab Dasgupta; Srikanta Dash; Crispin R Dass; Hazel Marie Davey; Lester M Davids; David Dávila; Roger J Davis; Ted M Dawson; Valina L Dawson; Paula Daza; Jackie de Belleroche; Paul de Figueiredo; Regina Celia Bressan Queiroz de Figueiredo; José de la Fuente; Luisa De Martino; Antonella De Matteis; Guido Ry De Meyer; Angelo De Milito; Mauro De Santi; Wanderley de Souza; Vincenzo De Tata; Daniela De Zio; Jayanta Debnath; Reinhard Dechant; Jean-Paul Decuypere; Shane Deegan; Benjamin Dehay; Barbara Del Bello; Dominic P Del Re; Régis Delage-Mourroux; Lea Md Delbridge; Louise Deldicque; Elizabeth Delorme-Axford; Yizhen Deng; Joern Dengjel; Melanie Denizot; Paul Dent; Channing J Der; Vojo Deretic; Benoît Derrien; Eric Deutsch; Timothy P Devarenne; Rodney J Devenish; Sabrina Di Bartolomeo; Nicola Di Daniele; Fabio Di Domenico; Alessia Di Nardo; Simone Di Paola; Antonio Di Pietro; Livia Di Renzo; Aaron DiAntonio; Guillermo Díaz-Araya; Ines Díaz-Laviada; Maria T Diaz-Meco; Javier Diaz-Nido; Chad A Dickey; Robert C Dickson; Marc Diederich; Paul Digard; Ivan Dikic; Savithrama P Dinesh-Kumar; Chan Ding; Wen-Xing Ding; Zufeng Ding; Luciana Dini; Jörg Hw Distler; Abhinav Diwan; Mojgan Djavaheri-Mergny; Kostyantyn Dmytruk; Renwick Cj Dobson; Volker Doetsch; Karol Dokladny; Svetlana Dokudovskaya; Massimo Donadelli; X Charlie Dong; Xiaonan Dong; Zheng Dong; Terrence M Donohue; Kelly S Doran; Gabriella D'Orazi; Gerald W Dorn; Victor Dosenko; Sami Dridi; Liat Drucker; Jie Du; Li-Lin Du; Lihuan Du; André du Toit; Priyamvada Dua; Lei Duan; Pu Duann; Vikash Kumar Dubey; Michael R Duchen; Michel A Duchosal; Helene Duez; Isabelle Dugail; Verónica I Dumit; Mara C Duncan; Elaine A Dunlop; William A Dunn; Nicolas Dupont; Luc Dupuis; Raúl V Durán; Thomas M Durcan; Stéphane Duvezin-Caubet; Umamaheswar Duvvuri; Vinay Eapen; Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari; Arnaud Echard; Leopold Eckhart; Charles L Edelstein; Aimee L Edinger; Ludwig Eichinger; Tobias Eisenberg; Avital Eisenberg-Lerner; N Tony Eissa; Wafik S El-Deiry; Victoria El-Khoury; Zvulun Elazar; Hagit Eldar-Finkelman; Chris Jh Elliott; Enzo Emanuele; Urban Emmenegger; Nikolai Engedal; Anna-Mart Engelbrecht; Simone Engelender; Jorrit M Enserink; Ralf Erdmann; Jekaterina Erenpreisa; Rajaraman Eri; Jason L Eriksen; Andreja Erman; Ricardo Escalante; Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen; Lucile Espert; Lorena Esteban-Martínez; Thomas J Evans; Mario Fabri; Gemma Fabrias; Cinzia Fabrizi; Antonio Facchiano; Nils J Færgeman; Alberto Faggioni; W Douglas Fairlie; Chunhai Fan; Daping Fan; Jie Fan; Shengyun Fang; Manolis Fanto; Alessandro Fanzani; Thomas Farkas; Mathias Faure; Francois B Favier; Howard Fearnhead; Massimo Federici; Erkang Fei; Tania C Felizardo; Hua Feng; Yibin Feng; Yuchen Feng; Thomas A Ferguson; Álvaro F Fernández; Maite G Fernandez-Barrena; Jose C Fernandez-Checa; Arsenio Fernández-López; Martin E Fernandez-Zapico; Olivier Feron; Elisabetta Ferraro; Carmen Veríssima Ferreira-Halder; Laszlo Fesus; Ralph Feuer; Fabienne C Fiesel; Eduardo C Filippi-Chiela; Giuseppe Filomeni; Gian Maria Fimia; John H Fingert; Steven Finkbeiner; Toren Finkel; Filomena Fiorito; Paul B Fisher; Marc Flajolet; Flavio Flamigni; Oliver Florey; Salvatore Florio; R Andres Floto; Marco Folini; Carlo Follo; Edward A Fon; Francesco Fornai; Franco Fortunato; Alessandro Fraldi; Rodrigo Franco; Arnaud Francois; Aurélie François; Lisa B Frankel; Iain Dc Fraser; Norbert Frey; Damien G Freyssenet; Christian Frezza; Scott L Friedman; Daniel E Frigo; Dongxu Fu; José M Fuentes; Juan Fueyo; Yoshio Fujitani; Yuuki Fujiwara; Mikihiro Fujiya; Mitsunori Fukuda; Simone Fulda; Carmela Fusco; Bozena Gabryel; Matthias Gaestel; Philippe Gailly; Malgorzata Gajewska; Sehamuddin Galadari; Gad Galili; Inmaculada Galindo; Maria F Galindo; Giovanna Galliciotti; Lorenzo Galluzzi; Luca Galluzzi; Vincent Galy; Noor Gammoh; Sam Gandy; Anand K Ganesan; Swamynathan Ganesan; Ian G Ganley; Monique Gannagé; Fen-Biao Gao; Feng Gao; Jian-Xin Gao; Lorena García Nannig; Eleonora García Véscovi; Marina Garcia-Macía; Carmen Garcia-Ruiz; Abhishek D Garg; Pramod Kumar Garg; Ricardo Gargini; Nils Christian Gassen; Damián Gatica; Evelina Gatti; Julie Gavard; Evripidis Gavathiotis; Liang Ge; Pengfei Ge; Shengfang Ge; Po-Wu Gean; Vania Gelmetti; Armando A Genazzani; Jiefei Geng; Pascal Genschik; Lisa Gerner; Jason E Gestwicki; David A Gewirtz; Saeid Ghavami; Eric Ghigo; Debabrata Ghosh; Anna Maria Giammarioli; Francesca Giampieri; Claudia Giampietri; Alexandra Giatromanolaki; Derrick J Gibbings; Lara Gibellini; Spencer B Gibson; Vanessa Ginet; Antonio Giordano; Flaviano Giorgini; Elisa Giovannetti; Stephen E Girardin; Suzana Gispert; Sandy Giuliano; Candece L Gladson; Alvaro Glavic; Martin Gleave; Nelly Godefroy; Robert M Gogal; Kuppan Gokulan; Gustavo H Goldman; Delia Goletti; Michael S Goligorsky; Aldrin V Gomes; Ligia C Gomes; Hernando Gomez; Candelaria Gomez-Manzano; Rubén Gómez-Sánchez; Dawit Ap Gonçalves; Ebru Goncu; Qingqiu Gong; Céline Gongora; Carlos B Gonzalez; Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre; Pilar Gonzalez-Cabo; Rosa Ana González-Polo; Ing Swie Goping; Carlos Gorbea; Nikolai V Gorbunov; Daphne R Goring; Adrienne M Gorman; Sharon M Gorski; Sandro Goruppi; Shino Goto-Yamada; Cecilia Gotor; Roberta A Gottlieb; Illana Gozes; Devrim Gozuacik; Yacine Graba; Martin Graef; Giovanna E Granato; Gary Dean Grant; Steven Grant; Giovanni Luca Gravina; Douglas R Green; Alexander Greenhough; Michael T Greenwood; Benedetto Grimaldi; Frédéric Gros; Charles Grose; Jean-Francois Groulx; Florian Gruber; Paolo Grumati; Tilman Grune; Jun-Lin Guan; Kun-Liang Guan; Barbara Guerra; Carlos Guillen; Kailash Gulshan; Jan Gunst; Chuanyong Guo; Lei Guo; Ming Guo; Wenjie Guo; Xu-Guang Guo; Andrea A Gust; Åsa B Gustafsson; Elaine Gutierrez; Maximiliano G Gutierrez; Ho-Shin Gwak; Albert Haas; James E Haber; Shinji Hadano; Monica Hagedorn; David R Hahn; Andrew J Halayko; Anne Hamacher-Brady; Kozo Hamada; Ahmed Hamai; Andrea Hamann; Maho Hamasaki; Isabelle Hamer; Qutayba Hamid; Ester M Hammond; Feng Han; Weidong Han; James T Handa; John A Hanover; Malene Hansen; Masaru Harada; Ljubica Harhaji-Trajkovic; J Wade Harper; Abdel Halim Harrath; Adrian L Harris; James Harris; Udo Hasler; Peter Hasselblatt; Kazuhisa Hasui; Robert G Hawley; Teresa S Hawley; Congcong He; Cynthia Y He; Fengtian He; Gu He; Rong-Rong He; Xian-Hui He; You-Wen He; Yu-Ying He; Joan K Heath; Marie-Josée Hébert; Robert A Heinzen; Gudmundur Vignir Helgason; Michael Hensel; Elizabeth P Henske; Chengtao Her; Paul K Herman; Agustín Hernández; Carlos Hernandez; Sonia Hernández-Tiedra; Claudio Hetz; P Robin Hiesinger; Katsumi Higaki; Sabine Hilfiker; Bradford G Hill; Joseph A Hill; William D Hill; Keisuke Hino; Daniel Hofius; Paul Hofman; Günter U Höglinger; Jörg Höhfeld; Marina K Holz; Yonggeun Hong; David A Hood; Jeroen Jm Hoozemans; Thorsten Hoppe; Chin Hsu; Chin-Yuan Hsu; Li-Chung Hsu; Dong Hu; Guochang Hu; Hong-Ming Hu; Hongbo Hu; Ming Chang Hu; Yu-Chen Hu; Zhuo-Wei Hu; Fang Hua; Ya Hua; Canhua Huang; Huey-Lan Huang; Kuo-How Huang; Kuo-Yang Huang; Shile Huang; Shiqian Huang; Wei-Pang Huang; Yi-Ran Huang; Yong Huang; Yunfei Huang; Tobias B Huber; Patricia Huebbe; Won-Ki Huh; Juha J Hulmi; Gang Min Hur; James H Hurley; Zvenyslava Husak; Sabah Na Hussain; Salik Hussain; Jung Jin Hwang; Seungmin Hwang; Thomas Is Hwang; Atsuhiro Ichihara; Yuzuru Imai; Carol Imbriano; Megumi Inomata; Takeshi Into; Valentina Iovane; Juan L Iovanna; Renato V Iozzo; Nancy Y Ip; Javier E Irazoqui; Pablo Iribarren; Yoshitaka Isaka; Aleksandra J Isakovic; Harry Ischiropoulos; Jeffrey S Isenberg; Mohammad Ishaq; Hiroyuki Ishida; Isao Ishii; Jane E Ishmael; Ciro Isidoro; Ken-Ichi Isobe; Erika Isono; Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas; Koji Itahana; Eisuke Itakura; Andrei I Ivanov; Anand Krishnan V Iyer; José M Izquierdo; Yotaro Izumi; Valentina Izzo; Marja Jäättelä; Nadia Jaber; Daniel John Jackson; William T Jackson; Tony George Jacob; Thomas S Jacques; Chinnaswamy Jagannath; Ashish Jain; Nihar Ranjan Jana; Byoung Kuk Jang; Alkesh Jani; Bassam Janji; Paulo Roberto Jannig; Patric J Jansson; Steve Jean; Marina Jendrach; Ju-Hong Jeon; Niels Jessen; Eui-Bae Jeung; Kailiang Jia; Lijun Jia; Hong Jiang; Hongchi Jiang; Liwen Jiang; Teng Jiang; Xiaoyan Jiang; Xuejun Jiang; Xuejun Jiang; Ying Jiang; Yongjun Jiang; Alberto Jiménez; Cheng Jin; Hongchuan Jin; Lei Jin; Meiyan Jin; Shengkan Jin; Umesh Kumar Jinwal; Eun-Kyeong Jo; Terje Johansen; Daniel E Johnson; Gail Vw Johnson; James D Johnson; Eric Jonasch; Chris Jones; Leo Ab Joosten; Joaquin Jordan; Anna-Maria Joseph; Bertrand Joseph; Annie M Joubert; Dianwen Ju; Jingfang Ju; Hsueh-Fen Juan; Katrin Juenemann; Gábor Juhász; Hye Seung Jung; Jae U Jung; Yong-Keun Jung; Heinz Jungbluth; Matthew J Justice; Barry Jutten; Nadeem O Kaakoush; Kai Kaarniranta; Allen Kaasik; Tomohiro Kabuta; Bertrand Kaeffer; Katarina Kågedal; Alon Kahana; Shingo Kajimura; Or Kakhlon; Manjula Kalia; Dhan V Kalvakolanu; Yoshiaki Kamada; Konstantinos Kambas; Vitaliy O Kaminskyy; Harm H Kampinga; Mustapha Kandouz; Chanhee Kang; Rui Kang; Tae-Cheon Kang; Tomotake Kanki; Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti; Haruo Kanno; Anumantha G Kanthasamy; Marc Kantorow; Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos; Orsolya Kapuy; Vassiliki Karantza; Md Razaul Karim; Parimal Karmakar; Arthur Kaser; Susmita Kaushik; Thomas Kawula; A Murat Kaynar; Po-Yuan Ke; Zun-Ji Ke; John H Kehrl; Kate E Keller; Jongsook Kim Kemper; Anne K Kenworthy; Oliver Kepp; Andreas Kern; Santosh Kesari; David Kessel; Robin Ketteler; Isis do Carmo Kettelhut; Bilon Khambu; Muzamil Majid Khan; Vinoth Km Khandelwal; Sangeeta Khare; Juliann G Kiang; Amy A Kiger; Akio Kihara; Arianna L Kim; Cheol Hyeon Kim; Deok Ryong Kim; Do-Hyung Kim; Eung Kweon Kim; Hye Young Kim; Hyung-Ryong Kim; Jae-Sung Kim; Jeong Hun Kim; Jin Cheon Kim; Jin Hyoung Kim; Kwang Woon Kim; Michael D Kim; Moon-Moo Kim; Peter K Kim; Seong Who Kim; Soo-Youl Kim; Yong-Sun Kim; Yonghyun Kim; Adi Kimchi; Alec C Kimmelman; Tomonori Kimura; Jason S King; Karla Kirkegaard; Vladimir Kirkin; Lorrie A Kirshenbaum; Shuji Kishi; Yasuo Kitajima; Katsuhiko Kitamoto; Yasushi Kitaoka; Kaio Kitazato; Rudolf A Kley; Walter T Klimecki; Michael Klinkenberg; Jochen Klucken; Helene Knævelsrud; Erwin Knecht; Laura Knuppertz; Jiunn-Liang Ko; Satoru Kobayashi; Jan C Koch; Christelle Koechlin-Ramonatxo; Ulrich Koenig; Young Ho Koh; Katja Köhler; Sepp D Kohlwein; Masato Koike; Masaaki Komatsu; Eiki Kominami; Dexin Kong; Hee Jeong Kong; Eumorphia G Konstantakou; Benjamin T Kopp; Tamas Korcsmaros; Laura Korhonen; Viktor I Korolchuk; Nadya V Koshkina; Yanjun Kou; Michael I Koukourakis; Constantinos Koumenis; Attila L Kovács; Tibor Kovács; Werner J Kovacs; Daisuke Koya; Claudine Kraft; Dimitri Krainc; Helmut Kramer; Tamara Kravic-Stevovic; Wilhelm Krek; Carole Kretz-Remy; Roswitha Krick; Malathi Krishnamurthy; Janos Kriston-Vizi; Guido Kroemer; Michael C Kruer; Rejko Kruger; Nicholas T Ktistakis; Kazuyuki Kuchitsu; Christian Kuhn; Addanki Pratap Kumar; Anuj Kumar; Ashok Kumar; Deepak Kumar; Dhiraj Kumar; Rakesh Kumar; Sharad Kumar; Mondira Kundu; Hsing-Jien Kung; Atsushi Kuno; Sheng-Han Kuo; Jeff Kuret; Tino Kurz; Terry Kwok; Taeg Kyu Kwon; Yong Tae Kwon; Irene Kyrmizi; Albert R La Spada; Frank Lafont; Tim Lahm; Aparna Lakkaraju; Truong Lam; Trond Lamark; Steve Lancel; Terry H Landowski; Darius J R Lane; Jon D Lane; Cinzia Lanzi; Pierre Lapaquette; Louis R Lapierre; Jocelyn Laporte; Johanna Laukkarinen; Gordon W Laurie; Sergio Lavandero; Lena Lavie; Matthew J LaVoie; Betty Yuen Kwan Law; Helen Ka-Wai Law; Kelsey B Law; Robert Layfield; Pedro A Lazo; Laurent Le Cam; Karine G Le Roch; Hervé Le Stunff; Vijittra Leardkamolkarn; Marc Lecuit; Byung-Hoon Lee; Che-Hsin Lee; Erinna F Lee; Gyun Min Lee; He-Jin Lee; Hsinyu Lee; Jae Keun Lee; Jongdae Lee; Ju-Hyun Lee; Jun Hee Lee; Michael Lee; Myung-Shik Lee; Patty J Lee; Sam W Lee; Seung-Jae Lee; Shiow-Ju Lee; Stella Y Lee; Sug Hyung Lee; Sung Sik Lee; Sung-Joon Lee; Sunhee Lee; Ying-Ray Lee; Yong J Lee; Young H Lee; Christiaan Leeuwenburgh; Sylvain Lefort; Renaud Legouis; Jinzhi Lei; Qun-Ying Lei; David A Leib; Gil Leibowitz; Istvan Lekli; Stéphane D Lemaire; John J Lemasters; Marius K Lemberg; Antoinette Lemoine; Shuilong Leng; Guido Lenz; Paola Lenzi; Lilach O Lerman; Daniele Lettieri Barbato; Julia I-Ju Leu; Hing Y Leung; Beth Levine; Patrick A Lewis; Frank Lezoualc'h; Chi Li; Faqiang Li; Feng-Jun Li; Jun Li; Ke Li; Lian Li; Min Li; Min Li; Qiang Li; Rui Li; Sheng Li; Wei Li; Wei Li; Xiaotao Li; Yumin Li; Jiqin Lian; Chengyu Liang; Qiangrong Liang; Yulin Liao; Joana Liberal; Pawel P Liberski; Pearl Lie; Andrew P Lieberman; Hyunjung Jade Lim; Kah-Leong Lim; Kyu Lim; Raquel T Lima; Chang-Shen Lin; Chiou-Feng Lin; Fang Lin; Fangming Lin; Fu-Cheng Lin; Kui Lin; Kwang-Huei Lin; Pei-Hui Lin; Tianwei Lin; Wan-Wan Lin; Yee-Shin Lin; Yong Lin; Rafael Linden; Dan Lindholm; Lisa M Lindqvist; Paul Lingor; Andreas Linkermann; Lance A Liotta; Marta M Lipinski; Vitor A Lira; Michael P Lisanti; Paloma B Liton; Bo Liu; Chong Liu; Chun-Feng Liu; Fei Liu; Hung-Jen Liu; Jianxun Liu; Jing-Jing Liu; Jing-Lan Liu; Ke Liu; Leyuan Liu; Liang Liu; Quentin Liu; Rong-Yu Liu; Shiming Liu; Shuwen Liu; Wei Liu; Xian-De Liu; Xiangguo Liu; Xiao-Hong Liu; Xinfeng Liu; Xu Liu; Xueqin Liu; Yang Liu; Yule Liu; Zexian Liu; Zhe Liu; Juan P Liuzzi; Gérard Lizard; Mila Ljujic; Irfan J Lodhi; Susan E Logue; Bal L Lokeshwar; Yun Chau Long; Sagar Lonial; Benjamin Loos; Carlos López-Otín; Cristina López-Vicario; Mar Lorente; Philip L Lorenzi; Péter Lõrincz; Marek Los; Michael T Lotze; Penny E Lovat; Binfeng Lu; Bo Lu; Jiahong Lu; Qing Lu; She-Min Lu; Shuyan Lu; Yingying Lu; Frédéric Luciano; Shirley Luckhart; John Milton Lucocq; Paula Ludovico; Aurelia Lugea; Nicholas W Lukacs; Julian J Lum; Anders H Lund; Honglin Luo; Jia Luo; Shouqing Luo; Claudio Luparello; Timothy Lyons; Jianjie Ma; Yi Ma; Yong Ma; Zhenyi Ma; Juliano Machado; Glaucia M Machado-Santelli; Fernando Macian; Gustavo C MacIntosh; Jeffrey P MacKeigan; Kay F Macleod; John D MacMicking; Lee Ann MacMillan-Crow; Frank Madeo; Muniswamy Madesh; Julio Madrigal-Matute; Akiko Maeda; Tatsuya Maeda; Gustavo Maegawa; Emilia Maellaro; Hannelore Maes; Marta Magariños; Kenneth Maiese; Tapas K Maiti; Luigi Maiuri; Maria Chiara Maiuri; Carl G Maki; Roland Malli; Walter Malorni; Alina Maloyan; Fathia Mami-Chouaib; Na Man; Joseph D Mancias; Eva-Maria Mandelkow; Michael A Mandell; Angelo A Manfredi; Serge N Manié; Claudia Manzoni; Kai Mao; Zixu Mao; Zong-Wan Mao; Philippe Marambaud; Anna Maria Marconi; Zvonimir Marelja; Gabriella Marfe; Marta Margeta; Eva Margittai; Muriel Mari; Francesca V Mariani; Concepcio Marin; Sara Marinelli; Guillermo Mariño; Ivanka Markovic; Rebecca Marquez; Alberto M Martelli; Sascha Martens; Katie R Martin; Seamus J Martin; Shaun Martin; Miguel A Martin-Acebes; Paloma Martín-Sanz; Camille Martinand-Mari; Wim Martinet; Jennifer Martinez; Nuria Martinez-Lopez; Ubaldo Martinez-Outschoorn; Moisés Martínez-Velázquez; Marta Martinez-Vicente; Waleska Kerllen Martins; Hirosato Mashima; James A Mastrianni; Giuseppe Matarese; Paola Matarrese; Roberto Mateo; Satoaki Matoba; Naomichi Matsumoto; Takehiko Matsushita; Akira Matsuura; Takeshi Matsuzawa; Mark P Mattson; Soledad Matus; Norma Maugeri; Caroline Mauvezin; Andreas Mayer; Dusica Maysinger; Guillermo D Mazzolini; Mary Kate McBrayer; Kimberly McCall; Craig McCormick; Gerald M McInerney; Skye C McIver; Sharon McKenna; John J McMahon; Iain A McNeish; Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou; Jan Paul Medema; Diego L Medina; Klara Megyeri; Maryam Mehrpour; Jawahar L Mehta; Yide Mei; Ute-Christiane Meier; Alfred J Meijer; Alicia Meléndez; Gerry Melino; Sonia Melino; Edesio Jose Tenorio de Melo; Maria A Mena; Marc D Meneghini; Javier A Menendez; Regina Menezes; Liesu Meng; Ling-Hua Meng; Songshu Meng; Rossella Menghini; A Sue Menko; Rubem Fs Menna-Barreto; Manoj B Menon; Marco A Meraz-Ríos; Giuseppe Merla; Luciano Merlini; Angelica M Merlot; Andreas Meryk; Stefania Meschini; Joel N Meyer; Man-Tian Mi; Chao-Yu Miao; Lucia Micale; Simon Michaeli; Carine Michiels; Anna Rita Migliaccio; Anastasia Susie Mihailidou; Dalibor Mijaljica; Katsuhiko Mikoshiba; Enrico Milan; Leonor Miller-Fleming; Gordon B Mills; Ian G Mills; Georgia Minakaki; Berge A Minassian; Xiu-Fen Ming; Farida Minibayeva; Elena A Minina; Justine D Mintern; Saverio Minucci; Antonio Miranda-Vizuete; Claire H Mitchell; Shigeki Miyamoto; Keisuke Miyazawa; Noboru Mizushima; Katarzyna Mnich; Baharia Mograbi; Simin Mohseni; Luis Ferreira Moita; Marco Molinari; Maurizio Molinari; Andreas Buch Møller; Bertrand Mollereau; Faustino Mollinedo; Marco Mongillo; Martha M Monick; Serena Montagnaro; Craig Montell; Darren J Moore; Michael N Moore; Rodrigo Mora-Rodriguez; Paula I Moreira; Etienne Morel; Maria Beatrice Morelli; Sandra Moreno; Michael J Morgan; Arnaud Moris; Yuji Moriyasu; Janna L Morrison; Lynda A Morrison; Eugenia Morselli; Jorge Moscat; Pope L Moseley; Serge Mostowy; Elisa Motori; Denis Mottet; Jeremy C Mottram; Charbel E-H Moussa; Vassiliki E Mpakou; Hasan Mukhtar; Jean M Mulcahy Levy; Sylviane Muller; Raquel Muñoz-Moreno; Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo; Christian Münz; Maureen E Murphy; James T Murray; Aditya Murthy; Indira U Mysorekar; Ivan R Nabi; Massimo Nabissi; Gustavo A Nader; Yukitoshi Nagahara; Yoshitaka Nagai; Kazuhiro Nagata; Anika Nagelkerke; Péter Nagy; Samisubbu R Naidu; Sreejayan Nair; Hiroyasu Nakano; Hitoshi Nakatogawa; Meera Nanjundan; Gennaro Napolitano; Naweed I Naqvi; Roberta Nardacci; Derek P Narendra; Masashi Narita; Anna Chiara Nascimbeni; Ramesh Natarajan; Luiz C Navegantes; Steffan T Nawrocki; Taras Y Nazarko; Volodymyr Y Nazarko; Thomas Neill; Luca M Neri; Mihai G Netea; Romana T Netea-Maier; Bruno M Neves; Paul A Ney; Ioannis P Nezis; Hang Tt Nguyen; Huu Phuc Nguyen; Anne-Sophie Nicot; Hilde Nilsen; Per Nilsson; Mikio Nishimura; Ichizo Nishino; Mireia Niso-Santano; Hua Niu; Ralph A Nixon; Vincent Co Njar; Takeshi Noda; Angelika A Noegel; Elsie Magdalena Nolte; Erik Norberg; Koenraad K Norga; Sakineh Kazemi Noureini; Shoji Notomi; Lucia Notterpek; Karin Nowikovsky; Nobuyuki Nukina; Thorsten Nürnberger; Valerie B O'Donnell; Tracey O'Donovan; Peter J O'Dwyer; Ina Oehme; Clara L Oeste; Michinaga Ogawa; Besim Ogretmen; Yuji Ogura; Young J Oh; Masaki Ohmuraya; Takayuki Ohshima; Rani Ojha; Koji Okamoto; Toshiro Okazaki; F Javier Oliver; Karin Ollinger; Stefan Olsson; Daniel P Orban; Paulina Ordonez; Idil Orhon; Laszlo Orosz; Eyleen J O'Rourke; Helena Orozco; Angel L Ortega; Elena Ortona; Laura D Osellame; Junko Oshima; Shigeru Oshima; Heinz D Osiewacz; Takanobu Otomo; Kinya Otsu; Jing-Hsiung James Ou; Tiago F Outeiro; Dong-Yun Ouyang; Hongjiao Ouyang; Michael Overholtzer; Michelle A Ozbun; P Hande Ozdinler; Bulent Ozpolat; Consiglia Pacelli; Paolo Paganetti; Guylène Page; Gilles Pages; Ugo Pagnini; Beata Pajak; Stephen C Pak; Karolina Pakos-Zebrucka; Nazzy Pakpour; Zdena Palková; Francesca Palladino; Kathrin Pallauf; Nicolas Pallet; Marta Palmieri; Søren R Paludan; Camilla Palumbo; Silvia Palumbo; Olatz Pampliega; Hongming Pan; Wei Pan; Theocharis Panaretakis; Aseem Pandey; Areti Pantazopoulou; Zuzana Papackova; Daniela L Papademetrio; Issidora Papassideri; Alessio Papini; Nirmala Parajuli; Julian Pardo; Vrajesh V Parekh; Giancarlo Parenti; Jong-In Park; Junsoo Park; Ohkmae K Park; Roy Parker; Rosanna Parlato; Jan B Parys; Katherine R Parzych; Jean-Max Pasquet; Benoit Pasquier; Kishore Bs Pasumarthi; Daniel Patschan; Cam Patterson; Sophie Pattingre; Scott Pattison; Arnim Pause; Hermann Pavenstädt; Flaminia Pavone; Zully Pedrozo; Fernando J Peña; Miguel A Peñalva; Mario Pende; Jianxin Peng; Fabio Penna; Josef M Penninger; Anna Pensalfini; Salvatore Pepe; Gustavo Js Pereira; Paulo C Pereira; Verónica Pérez-de la Cruz; María Esther Pérez-Pérez; Diego Pérez-Rodríguez; Dolores Pérez-Sala; Celine Perier; Andras Perl; David H Perlmutter; Ida Perrotta; Shazib Pervaiz; Maija Pesonen; Jeffrey E Pessin; Godefridus J Peters; Morten Petersen; Irina Petrache; Basil J Petrof; Goran Petrovski; James M Phang; Mauro Piacentini; Marina Pierdominici; Philippe Pierre; Valérie Pierrefite-Carle; Federico Pietrocola; Felipe X Pimentel-Muiños; Mario Pinar; Benjamin Pineda; Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski; Marcello Pinti; Paolo Pinton; Bilal Piperdi; James M Piret; Leonidas C Platanias; Harald W Platta; Edward D Plowey; Stefanie Pöggeler; Marc Poirot; Peter Polčic; Angelo Poletti; Audrey H Poon; Hana Popelka; Blagovesta Popova; Izabela Poprawa; Shibu M Poulose; Joanna Poulton; Scott K Powers; Ted Powers; Mercedes Pozuelo-Rubio; Krisna Prak; Reinhild Prange; Mark Prescott; Muriel Priault; Sharon Prince; Richard L Proia; Tassula Proikas-Cezanne; Holger Prokisch; Vasilis J Promponas; Karin Przyklenk; Rosa Puertollano; Subbiah Pugazhenthi; Luigi Puglielli; Aurora Pujol; Julien Puyal; Dohun Pyeon; Xin Qi; Wen-Bin Qian; Zheng-Hong Qin; Yu Qiu; Ziwei Qu; Joe Quadrilatero; Frederick Quinn; Nina Raben; Hannah Rabinowich; Flavia Radogna; Michael J Ragusa; Mohamed Rahmani; Komal Raina; Sasanka Ramanadham; Rajagopal Ramesh; Abdelhaq Rami; Sarron Randall-Demllo; Felix Randow; Hai Rao; V Ashutosh Rao; Blake B Rasmussen; Tobias M Rasse; Edward A Ratovitski; Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou; Swapan K Ray; Babak Razani; Bruce H Reed; Fulvio Reggiori; Markus Rehm; Andreas S Reichert; Theo Rein; David J Reiner; Eric Reits; Jun Ren; Xingcong Ren; Maurizio Renna; Jane Eb Reusch; Jose L Revuelta; Leticia Reyes; Alireza R Rezaie; Robert I Richards; Des R Richardson; Clémence Richetta; Michael A Riehle; Bertrand H Rihn; Yasuko Rikihisa; Brigit E Riley; Gerald Rimbach; Maria Rita Rippo; Konstantinos Ritis; Federica Rizzi; Elizete Rizzo; Peter J Roach; Jeffrey Robbins; Michel Roberge; Gabriela Roca; Maria Carmela Roccheri; Sonia Rocha; Cecilia Mp Rodrigues; Clara I Rodríguez; Santiago Rodriguez de Cordoba; Natalia Rodriguez-Muela; Jeroen Roelofs; Vladimir V Rogov; Troy T Rohn; Bärbel Rohrer; Davide Romanelli; Luigina Romani; Patricia Silvia Romano; M Isabel G Roncero; Jose Luis Rosa; Alicia Rosello; Kirill V Rosen; Philip Rosenstiel; Magdalena Rost-Roszkowska; Kevin A Roth; Gael Roué; Mustapha Rouis; Kasper M Rouschop; Daniel T Ruan; Diego Ruano; David C Rubinsztein; Edmund B Rucker; Assaf Rudich; Emil Rudolf; Ruediger Rudolf; Markus A Ruegg; Carmen Ruiz-Roldan; Avnika Ashok Ruparelia; Paola Rusmini; David W Russ; Gian Luigi Russo; Giuseppe Russo; Rossella Russo; Tor Erik Rusten; Victoria Ryabovol; Kevin M Ryan; Stefan W Ryter; David M Sabatini; Michael Sacher; Carsten Sachse; Michael N Sack; Junichi Sadoshima; Paul Saftig; Ronit Sagi-Eisenberg; Sumit Sahni; Pothana Saikumar; Tsunenori Saito; Tatsuya Saitoh; Koichi Sakakura; Machiko Sakoh-Nakatogawa; Yasuhito Sakuraba; María Salazar-Roa; Paolo Salomoni; Ashok K Saluja; Paul M Salvaterra; Rosa Salvioli; Afshin Samali; Anthony Mj Sanchez; José A Sánchez-Alcázar; Ricardo Sanchez-Prieto; Marco Sandri; Miguel A Sanjuan; Stefano Santaguida; Laura Santambrogio; Giorgio Santoni; Claudia Nunes Dos Santos; Shweta Saran; Marco Sardiello; Graeme Sargent; Pallabi Sarkar; Sovan Sarkar; Maria Rosa Sarrias; Minnie M Sarwal; Chihiro Sasakawa; Motoko Sasaki; Miklos Sass; Ken Sato; Miyuki Sato; Joseph Satriano; Niramol Savaraj; Svetlana Saveljeva; Liliana Schaefer; Ulrich E Schaible; Michael Scharl; Hermann M Schatzl; Randy Schekman; Wiep Scheper; Alfonso Schiavi; Hyman M Schipper; Hana Schmeisser; Jens Schmidt; Ingo Schmitz; Bianca E Schneider; E Marion Schneider; Jaime L Schneider; Eric A Schon; Miriam J Schönenberger; Axel H Schönthal; Daniel F Schorderet; Bernd Schröder; Sebastian Schuck; Ryan J Schulze; Melanie Schwarten; Thomas L Schwarz; Sebastiano Sciarretta; Kathleen Scotto; A Ivana Scovassi; Robert A Screaton; Mark Screen; Hugo Seca; Simon Sedej; Laura Segatori; Nava Segev; Per O Seglen; Jose M Seguí-Simarro; Juan Segura-Aguilar; Ekihiro Seki; Christian Sell; Iban Seiliez; Clay F Semenkovich; Gregg L Semenza; Utpal Sen; Andreas L Serra; Ana Serrano-Puebla; Hiromi Sesaki; Takao Setoguchi; Carmine Settembre; John J Shacka; Ayesha N Shajahan-Haq; Irving M Shapiro; Shweta Sharma; Hua She; C-K James Shen; Chiung-Chyi Shen; Han-Ming Shen; Sanbing Shen; Weili Shen; Rui Sheng; Xianyong Sheng; Zu-Hang Sheng; Trevor G Shepherd; Junyan Shi; Qiang Shi; Qinghua Shi; Yuguang Shi; Shusaku Shibutani; Kenichi Shibuya; Yoshihiro Shidoji; Jeng-Jer Shieh; Chwen-Ming Shih; Yohta Shimada; Shigeomi Shimizu; Dong Wook Shin; Mari L Shinohara; Michiko Shintani; Takahiro Shintani; Tetsuo Shioi; Ken Shirabe; Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov; Orian Shirihai; Gordon C Shore; Chih-Wen Shu; Deepak Shukla; Andriy A Sibirny; Valentina Sica; Christina J Sigurdson; Einar M Sigurdsson; Puran Singh Sijwali; Beata Sikorska; Wilian A Silveira; Sandrine Silvente-Poirot; Gary A Silverman; Jan Simak; Thomas Simmet; Anna Katharina Simon; Hans-Uwe Simon; Cristiano Simone; Matias Simons; Anne Simonsen; Rajat Singh; Shivendra V Singh; Shrawan K Singh; Debasish Sinha; Sangita Sinha; Frank A Sinicrope; Agnieszka Sirko; Kapil Sirohi; Balindiwe Jn Sishi; Annie Sittler; Parco M Siu; Efthimios Sivridis; Anna Skwarska; Ruth Slack; Iva Slaninová; Nikolai Slavov; Soraya S Smaili; Keiran Sm Smalley; Duncan R Smith; Stefaan J Soenen; Scott A Soleimanpour; Anita Solhaug; Kumaravel Somasundaram; Jin H Son; Avinash Sonawane; Chunjuan Song; Fuyong Song; Hyun Kyu Song; Ju-Xian Song; Wei Song; Kai Y Soo; Anil K Sood; Tuck Wah Soong; Virawudh Soontornniyomkij; Maurizio Sorice; Federica Sotgia; David R Soto-Pantoja; Areechun Sotthibundhu; Maria João Sousa; Herman P Spaink; Paul N Span; Anne Spang; Janet D Sparks; Peter G Speck; Stephen A Spector; Claudia D Spies; Wolfdieter Springer; Daret St Clair; Alessandra Stacchiotti; Bart Staels; Michael T Stang; Daniel T Starczynowski; Petro Starokadomskyy; Clemens Steegborn; John W Steele; Leonidas Stefanis; Joan Steffan; Christine M Stellrecht; Harald Stenmark; Tomasz M Stepkowski; Stęphan T Stern; Craig Stevens; Brent R Stockwell; Veronika Stoka; Zuzana Storchova; Björn Stork; Vassilis Stratoulias; Dimitrios J Stravopodis; Pavel Strnad; Anne Marie Strohecker; Anna-Lena Ström; Per Stromhaug; Jiri Stulik; Yu-Xiong Su; Zhaoliang Su; Carlos S Subauste; Srinivasa Subramaniam; Carolyn M Sue; Sang Won Suh; Xinbing Sui; Supawadee Sukseree; David Sulzer; Fang-Lin Sun; Jiaren Sun; Jun Sun; Shi-Yong Sun; Yang Sun; Yi Sun; Yingjie Sun; Vinod Sundaramoorthy; Joseph Sung; Hidekazu Suzuki; Kuninori Suzuki; Naoki Suzuki; Tadashi Suzuki; Yuichiro J Suzuki; Michele S Swanson; Charles Swanton; Karl Swärd; Ghanshyam Swarup; Sean T Sweeney; Paul W Sylvester; Zsuzsanna Szatmari; Eva Szegezdi; Peter W Szlosarek; Heinrich Taegtmeyer; Marco Tafani; Emmanuel Taillebourg; Stephen Wg Tait; Krisztina Takacs-Vellai; Yoshinori Takahashi; Szabolcs Takáts; Genzou Takemura; Nagio Takigawa; Nicholas J Talbot; Elena Tamagno; Jerome Tamburini; Cai-Ping Tan; Lan Tan; Mei Lan Tan; Ming Tan; Yee-Joo Tan; Keiji Tanaka; Masaki Tanaka; Daolin Tang; Dingzhong Tang; Guomei Tang; Isei Tanida; Kunikazu Tanji; Bakhos A Tannous; Jose A Tapia; Inmaculada Tasset-Cuevas; Marc Tatar; Iman Tavassoly; Nektarios Tavernarakis; Allen Taylor; Graham S Taylor; Gregory A Taylor; J Paul Taylor; Mark J Taylor; Elena V Tchetina; Andrew R Tee; Fatima Teixeira-Clerc; Sucheta Telang; Tewin Tencomnao; Ba-Bie Teng; Ru-Jeng Teng; Faraj Terro; Gianluca Tettamanti; Arianne L Theiss; Anne E Theron; Kelly Jean Thomas; Marcos P Thomé; Paul G Thomes; Andrew Thorburn; Jeremy Thorner; Thomas Thum; Michael Thumm; Teresa Lm Thurston; Ling Tian; Andreas Till; Jenny Pan-Yun Ting; Vladimir I Titorenko; Lilach Toker; Stefano Toldo; Sharon A Tooze; Ivan Topisirovic; Maria Lyngaas Torgersen; Liliana Torosantucci; Alicia Torriglia; Maria Rosaria Torrisi; Cathy Tournier; Roberto Towns; Vladimir Trajkovic; Leonardo H Travassos; Gemma Triola; Durga Nand Tripathi; Daniela Trisciuoglio; Rodrigo Troncoso; Ioannis P Trougakos; Anita C Truttmann; Kuen-Jer Tsai; Mario P Tschan; Yi-Hsin Tseng; Takayuki Tsukuba; Allan Tsung; Andrey S Tsvetkov; Shuiping Tu; Hsing-Yu Tuan; Marco Tucci; David A Tumbarello; Boris Turk; Vito Turk; Robin Fb Turner; Anders A Tveita; Suresh C Tyagi; Makoto Ubukata; Yasuo Uchiyama; Andrej Udelnow; Takashi Ueno; Midori Umekawa; Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji; Benjamin R Underwood; Christian Ungermann; Rodrigo P Ureshino; Ryo Ushioda; Vladimir N Uversky; Néstor L Uzcátegui; Thomas Vaccari; Maria I Vaccaro; Libuše Váchová; Helin Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg; Rut Valdor; Enza Maria Valente; Francois Vallette; Angela M Valverde; Greet Van den Berghe; Ludo Van Den Bosch; Gijs R van den Brink; F Gisou van der Goot; Ida J van der Klei; Luc Jw van der Laan; Wouter G van Doorn; Marjolein van Egmond; Kenneth L van Golen; Luc Van Kaer; Menno van Lookeren Campagne; Peter Vandenabeele; Wim Vandenberghe; Ilse Vanhorebeek; Isabel Varela-Nieto; M Helena Vasconcelos; Radovan Vasko; Demetrios G Vavvas; Ignacio Vega-Naredo; Guillermo Velasco; Athanassios D Velentzas; Panagiotis D Velentzas; Tibor Vellai; Edo Vellenga; Mikkel Holm Vendelbo; Kartik Venkatachalam; Natascia Ventura; Salvador Ventura; Patrícia St Veras; Mireille Verdier; Beata G Vertessy; Andrea Viale; Michel Vidal; Helena L A Vieira; Richard D Vierstra; Nadarajah Vigneswaran; Neeraj Vij; Miquel Vila; Margarita Villar; Victor H Villar; Joan Villarroya; Cécile Vindis; Giampietro Viola; Maria Teresa Viscomi; Giovanni Vitale; Dan T Vogl; Olga V Voitsekhovskaja; Clarissa von Haefen; Karin von Schwarzenberg; Daniel E Voth; Valérie Vouret-Craviari; Kristina Vuori; Jatin M Vyas; Christian Waeber; Cheryl Lyn Walker; Mark J Walker; Jochen Walter; Lei Wan; Xiangbo Wan; Bo Wang; Caihong Wang; Chao-Yung Wang; Chengshu Wang; Chenran Wang; Chuangui Wang; Dong Wang; Fen Wang; Fuxin Wang; Guanghui Wang; Hai-Jie Wang; Haichao Wang; Hong-Gang Wang; Hongmin Wang; Horng-Dar Wang; Jing Wang; Junjun Wang; Mei Wang; Mei-Qing Wang; Pei-Yu Wang; Peng Wang; Richard C Wang; Shuo Wang; Ting-Fang Wang; Xian Wang; Xiao-Jia Wang; Xiao-Wei Wang; Xin Wang; Xuejun Wang; Yan Wang; Yanming Wang; Ying Wang; Ying-Jan Wang; Yipeng Wang; Yu Wang; Yu Tian Wang; Yuqing Wang; Zhi-Nong Wang; Pablo Wappner; Carl Ward; Diane McVey Ward; Gary Warnes; Hirotaka Watada; Yoshihisa Watanabe; Kei Watase; Timothy E Weaver; Colin D Weekes; Jiwu Wei; Thomas Weide; Conrad C Weihl; Günther Weindl; Simone Nardin Weis; Longping Wen; Xin Wen; Yunfei Wen; Benedikt Westermann; Cornelia M Weyand; Anthony R White; Eileen White; J Lindsay Whitton; Alexander J Whitworth; Joëlle Wiels; Franziska Wild; Manon E Wildenberg; Tom Wileman; Deepti Srinivas Wilkinson; Simon Wilkinson; Dieter Willbold; Chris Williams; Katherine Williams; Peter R Williamson; Konstanze F Winklhofer; Steven S Witkin; Stephanie E Wohlgemuth; Thomas Wollert; Ernst J Wolvetang; Esther Wong; G William Wong; Richard W Wong; Vincent Kam Wai Wong; Elizabeth A Woodcock; Karen L Wright; Chunlai Wu; Defeng Wu; Gen Sheng Wu; Jian Wu; Junfang Wu; Mian Wu; Min Wu; Shengzhou Wu; William Kk Wu; Yaohua Wu; Zhenlong Wu; Cristina Pr Xavier; Ramnik J Xavier; Gui-Xian Xia; Tian Xia; Weiliang Xia; Yong Xia; Hengyi Xiao; Jian Xiao; Shi Xiao; Wuhan Xiao; Chuan-Ming Xie; Zhiping Xie; Zhonglin Xie; Maria Xilouri; Yuyan Xiong; Chuanshan Xu; Congfeng Xu; Feng Xu; Haoxing Xu; Hongwei Xu; Jian Xu; Jianzhen Xu; Jinxian Xu; Liang Xu; Xiaolei Xu; Yangqing Xu; Ye Xu; Zhi-Xiang Xu; Ziheng Xu; Yu Xue; Takahiro Yamada; Ai Yamamoto; Koji Yamanaka; Shunhei Yamashina; Shigeko Yamashiro; Bing Yan; Bo Yan; Xianghua Yan; Zhen Yan; Yasuo Yanagi; Dun-Sheng Yang; Jin-Ming Yang; Liu Yang; Minghua Yang; Pei-Ming Yang; Peixin Yang; Qian Yang; Wannian Yang; Wei Yuan Yang; Xuesong Yang; Yi Yang; Ying Yang; Zhifen Yang; Zhihong Yang; Meng-Chao Yao; Pamela J Yao; Xiaofeng Yao; Zhenyu Yao; Zhiyuan Yao; Linda S Yasui; Mingxiang Ye; Barry Yedvobnick; Behzad Yeganeh; Elizabeth S Yeh; Patricia L Yeyati; Fan Yi; Long Yi; Xiao-Ming Yin; Calvin K Yip; Yeong-Min Yoo; Young Hyun Yoo; Seung-Yong Yoon; Ken-Ichi Yoshida; Tamotsu Yoshimori; Ken H Young; Huixin Yu; Jane J Yu; Jin-Tai Yu; Jun Yu; Li Yu; W Haung Yu; Xiao-Fang Yu; Zhengping Yu; Junying Yuan; Zhi-Min Yuan; Beatrice Yjt Yue; Jianbo Yue; Zhenyu Yue; David N Zacks; Eldad Zacksenhaus; Nadia Zaffaroni; Tania Zaglia; Zahra Zakeri; Vincent Zecchini; Jinsheng Zeng; Min Zeng; Qi Zeng; Antonis S Zervos; Donna D Zhang; Fan Zhang; Guo Zhang; Guo-Chang Zhang; Hao Zhang; Hong Zhang; Hong Zhang; Hongbing Zhang; Jian Zhang; Jian Zhang; Jiangwei Zhang; Jianhua Zhang; Jing-Pu Zhang; Li Zhang; Lin Zhang; Lin Zhang; Long Zhang; Ming-Yong Zhang; Xiangnan Zhang; Xu Dong Zhang; Yan Zhang; Yang Zhang; Yanjin Zhang; Yingmei Zhang; Yunjiao Zhang; Mei Zhao; Wei-Li Zhao; Xiaonan Zhao; Yan G Zhao; Ying Zhao; Yongchao Zhao; Yu-Xia Zhao; Zhendong Zhao; Zhizhuang J Zhao; Dexian Zheng; Xi-Long Zheng; Xiaoxiang Zheng; Boris Zhivotovsky; Qing Zhong; Guang-Zhou Zhou; Guofei Zhou; Huiping Zhou; Shu-Feng Zhou; Xu-Jie Zhou; Hongxin Zhu; Hua Zhu; Wei-Guo Zhu; Wenhua Zhu; Xiao-Feng Zhu; Yuhua Zhu; Shi-Mei Zhuang; Xiaohong Zhuang; Elio Ziparo; Christos E Zois; Teresa Zoladek; Wei-Xing Zong; Antonio Zorzano; Susu M Zughaier Journal: Autophagy Date: 2016 Impact factor: 16.016
Authors: Justyna Gil; David Ramsey; Pawel Pawlowski; Elzbieta Szmida; Przemyslaw Leszczynski; Marek Bebenek; Maria M Sasiadek Journal: Med Oncol Date: 2018-10-29 Impact factor: 3.064
Authors: Leila Jahangiri; Tala Ishola; Perla Pucci; Ricky M Trigg; Joao Pereira; John A Williams; Megan L Cavanagh; Georgios V Gkoutos; Loukia Tsaprouni; Suzanne D Turner Journal: Cancers (Basel) Date: 2021-03-11 Impact factor: 6.639
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