BACKGROUND: Anaplastic ependymoma with extraneural metastases is associated with a poor clinical outcome. Metastatic spread to the parotid gland is a rare clinical entity that requires multidisciplinary intervention. Herein, we present a systematic review of anaplastic ependymoma with extraneural metastases and report on a case with metastases to both parotid glands. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched from their inception to February 2019. Inclusion criteria included reports of anaplastic ependymoma with extraneural metastasis. Studies were excluded if the tumor grade was not reported. A case illustration is provided. RESULTS: The search yielded 15 cases of anaplastic ependymoma with extraneural metastases, including the present case. Mean age at diagnosis was 15 years. The initial tumor location was predominantly supratentorial (93.3%). All cases demonstrated leptomeningeal seeding before extraneural metastasis. Mean survival from initial diagnosis was 4.5 years. Metastasis to the parotid gland occurred in 2 cases, including the present case. We present a 17-year-old female patient who underwent gross total resection of a supratentorial, paraventricular anaplastic ependymoma followed by adjuvant external beam radiation therapy. The patient developed recurrent leptomeningeal seeding, treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery over a 5-year period. She returned with a parotid mass and cervical lymphadenopathy and underwent parotidectomy and modified radical neck dissection. She continued to experience recurrences, including the left parotid gland, and was ultimately placed in hospice care. CONCLUSIONS: Anaplastic ependymoma with extraneural metastasis is rare. A combination of repeated surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy can be used to manage recurrent and metastatic disease, but outcomes remain poor.
BACKGROUND: Anaplastic ependymoma with extraneural metastases is associated with a poor clinical outcome. Metastatic spread to the parotid gland is a rare clinical entity that requires multidisciplinary intervention. Herein, we present a systematic review of anaplastic ependymoma with extraneural metastases and report on a case with metastases to both parotid glands. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched from their inception to February 2019. Inclusion criteria included reports of anaplastic ependymoma with extraneural metastasis. Studies were excluded if the tumor grade was not reported. A case illustration is provided. RESULTS: The search yielded 15 cases of anaplastic ependymoma with extraneural metastases, including the present case. Mean age at diagnosis was 15 years. The initial tumor location was predominantly supratentorial (93.3%). All cases demonstrated leptomeningeal seeding before extraneural metastasis. Mean survival from initial diagnosis was 4.5 years. Metastasis to the parotid gland occurred in 2 cases, including the present case. We present a 17-year-old female patient who underwent gross total resection of a supratentorial, paraventricular anaplastic ependymoma followed by adjuvant external beam radiation therapy. The patient developed recurrent leptomeningeal seeding, treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery over a 5-year period. She returned with a parotid mass and cervical lymphadenopathy and underwent parotidectomy and modified radical neck dissection. She continued to experience recurrences, including the left parotid gland, and was ultimately placed in hospice care. CONCLUSIONS: Anaplastic ependymoma with extraneural metastasis is rare. A combination of repeated surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy can be used to manage recurrent and metastatic disease, but outcomes remain poor.
Authors: Laura A Pachella; Carlos Kamiya-Matsuoka; Eva Lu T Lee; Adriana Olar; W K Alfred Yung Journal: J Clin Neurosci Date: 2014-10-31 Impact factor: 1.961
Authors: Kristian W Pajtler; Hendrik Witt; Martin Sill; David T W Jones; Volker Hovestadt; Fabian Kratochwil; Khalida Wani; Ruth Tatevossian; Chandanamali Punchihewa; Pascal Johann; Jüri Reimand; Hans-Jörg Warnatz; Marina Ryzhova; Steve Mack; Vijay Ramaswamy; David Capper; Leonille Schweizer; Laura Sieber; Andrea Wittmann; Zhiqin Huang; Peter van Sluis; Richard Volckmann; Jan Koster; Rogier Versteeg; Daniel Fults; Helen Toledano; Smadar Avigad; Lindsey M Hoffman; Andrew M Donson; Nicholas Foreman; Ekkehard Hewer; Karel Zitterbart; Mark Gilbert; Terri S Armstrong; Nalin Gupta; Jeffrey C Allen; Matthias A Karajannis; David Zagzag; Martin Hasselblatt; Andreas E Kulozik; Olaf Witt; V Peter Collins; Katja von Hoff; Stefan Rutkowski; Torsten Pietsch; Gary Bader; Marie-Laure Yaspo; Andreas von Deimling; Peter Lichter; Michael D Taylor; Richard Gilbertson; David W Ellison; Kenneth Aldape; Andrey Korshunov; Marcel Kool; Stefan M Pfister Journal: Cancer Cell Date: 2015-05-11 Impact factor: 31.743
Authors: Andrés Coca-Pelaz; Justin A Bishop; Nina Zidar; Abbas Agaimy; Eloisa Maria Mello Santiago Gebrim; Vanni Mondin; Oded Cohen; Primož Strojan; Alessandra Rinaldo; Ashok R Shaha; Remco de Bree; Marc Hamoir; Antti A Mäkitie; Luiz P Kowalski; Nabil F Saba; Alfio Ferlito Journal: Cancer Manag Res Date: 2022-03-09 Impact factor: 3.989