Chermebilaenes A and B, New Bioactive Meroterpenoids from Co-Cultures of Marine-Derived Isolates of Penicillium bilaiae MA-267 and Penicillium chermesinum EN-480.

The co-cultivation of two or more different microbial strains in one culture vessel was supposed to be a viable experimental approach for enhancing the diversity of the compounds produced. Two new meroterpenoid derivatives, chermebilaenes A (1) and B (2), together with three known sesquiterpenoids, sesquicaranoic acid B (3), cyclonerodiol (4) and bisabol-l-on-13-säuremethylester (5), were characterized from a co-culture of the marine-derived fungal isolates of Penicillium bilaiae MA-267 and Penicillium chermesinum EN-480. Neither fungus produced these compounds when cultured alone under the same conditions. Compound 1 represents an unprecedented acorane-type sesquiterpene hybridized with an octadecadienoic acid skeleton. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations were assumed on the basis of acidic hydrolysis combined with modified Mosher's method and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compound 1 showed potent inhibitory activities against Ceratobasidium cornigerum and Edwardsiella tarda.

1. Introduction

Marine fungi are able to synthesize a wide range of structurally unique secondary metabolites endowed with numerous biological activities [1,2,3]. However, mining the full-genome sequences of fungi demonstrates their potential to produce many more compounds than previously expected. It is well recognized that most of the microbial biosynthesis gene clusters remain silent and are apparently not transcribed under conventional cultivation conditions [4,5]. The co-cultivation of two or more different microbial strains in one culture vessel was supposed to be a viable experimental approach for enhancing the diversity of the compounds produced [6,7,8]. In our efforts to identify new bioactive secondary metabolites from marine-derived fungi, we previously investigated the secondary metabolites of two strains of the fungal genus Penicillium, namely P. bilaiae MA-267 and P. chermesinum EN-480, from which several sesquiterpenes with a tricyclo (6.3.1.01,5)dodecane skeleton [9], spiromeroterpenoids containing a drimane-type sesquiterpene skeleton [10], and sesquiterpenoids [11] have been isolated, respectively. In order to investigate the chemical potential of P. bilaiae MA-267 and P. chermesinum EN-480, we initiated the co-culture fermentation of these two fungal strains, which showed the production of several metabolites that were not produced when the two fungi were cultured alone (Figure S23, Supplementary Material). As a result, chermebilaene A (1), the first natural sesquiterpene hybridized with octadecadienoic acid, together with a new orthoester meroterpenoid, chermebilaene B (2), as well as three known sesquiterpenoids, sesquicaranoic acid B (3), cyclonerodiol (4) and bisabol-l-on-13-säuremethylester (5) (Figure 1), were isolated from the co-culture extract of P. bilaiae MA-267 and P. chermesinum EN-480. Herein, details of the isolation, structure determination, and biological activities of these compounds are described.

Figure 1

Structures of compounds 1–5.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Structure Elucidation of the New Compounds

Chermebilaene A (1) was isolated as a colorless oil. Its molecular formula was determined as C35H56O4 by (+)-HRESIMS (high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy) data (Figure S1, Supplementary Material), implying eight degrees of unsaturation (index of hydrogen deficiency). Analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum (Table 1) and HSQC data revealed the presence of five methyl signals at δH 1.76 (H-13, 3H, s), 1.08 (H-14, 3H, d, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.63 (H-15, 3H, s), 2.00 (H-17, 3H, s), and 0.89 (H-18’, 3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz), five olefinic methines 5.49 (H-9, 1H, dd, J = 3.3, 1.8 Hz), 5.40 (H-9’/13’, 2H, dd, J = 10.9, 5.5 Hz), 5.34 (H-10’/12’, 2H, dd, J = 10.9, 6.5 Hz), and two oxymethines 5.21 (H-2, 1H, td, J = 8.6, 4.2 Hz) and 5.38 (H-7, 1H, m), as well as a terminal methylene resonating at δH 4.69 and 4.98 (H-12, 2H, s). In addition, several unresolved methylene signals at δH 1.31, attributable to the protons of a long unbranched carbon chain, were also present. The 13C NMR data along with the DEPT (distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer) spectra revealed the presence of 35 carbon atoms, including five nonprotonated carbons (with two olefinic and two carbonyl), nine methines (with five olefinic and two oxygenated aliphatic), sixteen methylenes (with one terminal), and five methyls. Detailed analysis of the NMR data disclosed the structure of 1 to possess an acorane-type sesquiterpenoid residue linked with an octadecadienoic acid through esterification. Specifically, the 1H and 13C chemical shifts for the left portion of 1 were nearly identical to those of the 9,12-octadecadienoic acid [12], while for the right portion, quite similar to those of the adametacorenol A, an acorane sesquiterpene derivative was obtained from the rice culture broth of a marine-derived fungus, Penicillium adametzioides AS-53 [13]. However, signals for the oxygenated methine resonating at δC/H 66.4/3.96 (CH-7) in adametacorenol A [13] were deshielded at δC/H 71.3/5.38 (CH-7) in the NMR spectra of compound 1, while the chemical shift of carboxyl resonating at δC 178.4 (C-1) in 9,12-octadecadienoic acid [9] shifted upfield at δC 173.8 (C-1’) in 1 due to the esterification effect. In addition, signals for the ortho- and meta-positions resonating at δC 136.6 (C-8) and δC/H 120.9/5.25 (CH-9) in adametacorenol A [13] moved to δC 132.1 (C-8) and δC/H 125.3/5.49 (CH-9) in 1, respectively. This deduction was further supported by the COSY and HMBC correlations (Figure 2). This is the first time that this type of meroterpenoid, which contains an unprecedented acorane-type sesquiterpene hybridized with octadecadienoic acid skeleton, has been described.

Table 1

1H (500 MHz) and 13C NMR (125 MHz) data of compounds 1–2.

No.	1 (Acquired in CDCl3)		2 (Acquired in DMSO-d6)
	δH (J in Hz)	δ C	δH (J in Hz)	δ C
1	2.74, overlap	57.4, CH	α 1.82, ddd (12.7, 9.6, 3.5)β 2.71, ddd (12.7, 10.3, 6.3)	25.8, CH2
2	5.21, td (8.6, 4.2)	77.8, CH	2.33, m	29.3, CH2
3	α 2.53, dt (14.7, 8.6)β 2.02, overlap	38.7, CH2		173.2, C
4	2.02, overlap	38.3, CH		73.0, C
5		46.9, C	1.33, dd (12.6, 2.3)	49.0, CH
6	α 1.66, overlapβ 2.02, overlap	31.9, CH2	1.44, m	29.1, CH2
7	5.38, m	71.3, CH	3.71, dq (10.0, 4.0)	67.0, CH
8		132.1, C	2.39, m	46.6, CH
9	5.49, dd (3.3, 1.8)	125.3, CH		92.1, C
10	α 1.70, dd (13.1, 3.3)β 1.98, dd (13.1, 1.8)	34.8, CH2		44.7, C
11		142.8, C	α 2.04, d (13.9)β 1.93, d (13.9)	49.7, CH2
12	Z 4.69, sE 4.98, brs	114.4, CH2	0.90, d (7.2)	10.2, CH3
13	1.76, s	24.4, CH3	α 4.47, d (12.2)β 4.27, d (12.2)	66.7, CH2
14	1.08, d (7.1)	17.6, CH3	1.20, s	34.3, CH3
15	1.63, s	19.2, CH3	1.15, s	25.9, CH3
16		171.0, C
17	2.00, s	21.4, CH3
1’		173.8, C		128.0, C
2’	2.32, t (7.4)	31.7, CH2		107.2, C
3’	1.66, overlap	22.9, CH2	5.03, d (8.5)	77.5, CH
4’	1.31, overlap	25.8, CH2	2.82, dd (8.5, 6.1)	41.3, CH
5’	1.31, overlap	27.4, CH2	2.05, m	40.1, CH
6’	1.31, overlap	29.3, CH2		46.9, C
7’	1.31, overlap	29.4, CH2		175.3, C
8’	2.05, overlap	31.5, CH2	1.64, s	22.0, CH3
9’	5.40, dd (10.9, 5.5)	130.4, CH	1.06, d (7.2)	11.7, CH3
10’	5.34, dd (10.9, 6.5)	128.2, CH	0.88, s	18.6, CH3
11’	2.74, overlap	29.8, CH2
12’	5.34, dt (10.9, 6.5)	128.1, CH
13’	5.40, dd (10.9, 5.5)	130.2, CH
14’	2.05, overlap	29.5, CH2
15’	1.31, overlap	29.3, CH2
16’	1.31, overlap	25.2, CH2
17’	1.31, overlap	22.7, CH2
18’	0.89, t (6.8)	14.0, CH3
4-OH			4.36, s
7-OH			4.54, d (4.0)

Figure 2

Key COSY (homonuclear chemical shift correlation spectroscopy) (bold line) and HMBC (heteronuclear multiple bond correlation) (arrow) correlations of compounds 1 and 2.

The relative configuration of 1 was determined by the analysis of the J-values and NOESY (nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy) data (Figure 3). The coupling constants between H-9’/13’ and H-10’/12’ (10.9 Hz) suggested the geometry of the C=C bond at C-9’ and C-13’ to be Z. Moreover, NOE correlations from H3-14 to H-1, H-6β, and H-7, and from H-7 to H-1, suggested the same orientation of these groups, while the correlations from H-2 to H-4 placed these protons on the opposite face.

Figure 3

NOESY (nuclear overhauser effect spectroscopy) correlations of compounds 1 and 2.

To confirm the structure and absolute configuration of 1, we pursued a strategy consisting of the acidic hydrolysis of 1 to yield the sesquiterpene diol (6) and 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (7), followed by modified Mosher’s method for the obtained 6, and NMR analysis of the resulting Mosher esters allowed the assignment of the 2R and 7S absolute configuration in compound 6 (Figure 4) and, consequently, the absolute configuration of compound 1 was deduced to be 1R, 2R, 4S, 5S, and 7S.

Figure 4

Δδ values (Δδ (in ppm) = δ) obtained for the (S)-and (R)-MTPA (α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl) phenylacetyl) esters of compound 6.

Chermebilaene B (2) was isolated as a colorless, amorphous solid with a determined molecular formula of C25H36O9 (eight degrees of unsaturation) on the basis of (+)-HRESIMS (high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy) data. The 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data (Table 1) contained 25 carbon signals, which were sorted by DEPT and HSQC experiments into the following categories: six methyls, five methylenes (with one oxygenated), six methines (with two oxygenated), and eight quaternary carbons (with two carbonyl and four oxygenated), as well as two exchangeable protons. Detailed analysis of the 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data revealed that 2 was a spiromeroterpenoid derivative, similar to asnovolin G isolated from the fungus Aspergillus novofumigatus [14]. However, one of the methylenes resonating at δC/H 28.4/1.61 (CH2-7) in asnovolin G was replaced by an oxymethine unit in 2, as shown by the HRESIMS data as well as by the observation of additional resonance signals at δC 67.0/δH 3.71 (CH-7) and δH 4.54 (7-OH) in the NMR spectra of 2 (Table 2). The deduction was supported by the COSY and HMBC correlations (Figure 2).

Table 2

Antimicrobial activities of compounds 1–7 (MIC, μg/mL) a.

Strains	Compounds
	1	2–6	7	Positive Control
A. hydrophilia b	–	–	4.0	0.5
E. tarda b	0.25	–	1.0	0.25
V. anguillarum b	–	–	8.0	0.5
V. harveyi b	–	–	4.0	2.0
V. parahemolyticus b	–	–	4.0	1.0
C. cornigerum c	0.5	–	8.0	0.5

a (–) = MIC > 32 μg/mL; b chloramphenicol as positive control; c amphotericin B as positive control.

The relative configuration was determined by the detailed analysis of the NOESY data (Figure 3). Key NOESY correlations from H-13α to H3-15 and H3-12, and from the protons of 7-OH to H3-12, revealed the cofacial orientation of these groups, while the NOE cross-peaks from H-5 to H-1α and H-7 placed these groups on the opposite face, which determined the relative configuration of the A/B rings. Furthermore, the NOE correlations from H-3’ to H3-8’ and H-4’, and from H-5’ to H-4’ and H-11β, indicated the cofacial orientation of these groups, while correlations from H3-9’ to H3-10’ placed the two methyls on the opposite face. The (5R*, 7S*, 8S*, 9S*, 10S*, 1’S*, 2’S*, 3’S*, 4’R*, 5’S*, 6’R*) relative configuration could thus be deduced for 2.

In order to determine the absolute configuration, a conformational search, DFT (density functional theory) optimizations, and TDDFT-ECD (Time-dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism) calculations using density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d)) in Gaussian 09 [15] were performed on the arbitrarily chosen (5R*, 7S*, 8S*, 9S*, 10S*, 1’S*, 2’S*, 3’S*, 4’R*, 5’S*, 6’R*)-enantiomer of 2. The ECD spectra that were computed for this enantiomer at various levels reproduced well the experimental ECD spectrum, allowing the elucidation of the absolute configuration as 5R, 7S, 8S, 9S, 10S, 1’S, 2’S, 3’S, 4’R, 5’S, 6’R (Figure 5).

Figure 5

Experimental and calculated ECD (electronic circular dichroism) spectra of 2.

In addition to compounds 1 and 2, three known sesquiterpenoids, namely sesquicaranoic acid B (3) [16], cyclonerodiol (4) [17], and bisabol-l-on-13-säuremethylester (5) [18], were isolated and identified from the co-culture extract. Neither fungus produced these compounds when cultured alone under the same conditions.

2.2. Biological Activities of the Isolated Compounds

The isolated compounds, as well as the hydrolysis products 6 and 7, were evaluated for antimicrobial activity [19] against nine human- and aqua-pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Edwardsiella ictarda, E. tarda, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. harveyi, and V. parahemolyticus, as well as four plant-pathogenic fungi, Alternaria solani, Ceratobasidium cornigerum, Colletotrichum glecosporioides, and Fusarium graminearum (Table 2). Compound 1 exhibited significant activity against Edwardsiella tarda and Ceratobasidium cornigerum, with MIC values of 0.25 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively, whereas one of its hydrolysis product 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (7) demonstrated activities against each of the tested pathogens, with MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values ranging from 1.0 to 8.0 μg/mL. In contrast, compounds 2–6 were inactive toward all pathogens in our experiments. These data indicated that the incorporation of a fatty acid into the acorane-type sesquiterpenoid derivative likely significantly increases the antimicrobial activity. The addition of a fatty acid could improve the penetration into the cell membrane, which may cause the antimicrobial activity [20].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

Optical rotations were measured on an Optical Activity AA-55 polarimeter (Optical Activity Ltd., Cambridgeshire, UK). UV spectra were measured on a PuXi TU-1810 UV-visible spectrophotometer (Shanghai Lengguang Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China). ECD spectra were acquired on a JASCO J-715 spectropolarimeter (JASCO, Tokyo, Japan). Quantum chemical calculations were conducted using Gaussian 09 software. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 500 spectrometer (Bruker Biospin Group, Karlsruhe, Germany). Mass spectra were determined on a VG Autospec 3000 or an API QSTAR Pulsar 1 mass spectrometer (VG Instruments, London, UK). HPLC was performed using a Dionex HPLC system (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) equipped with a P680 pump, an ASI-100 automated sample injector, and a UVD340U multiple wavelength detector controlled by Chromeleon software (version 6.80). Commercially available Si gel (200-300 mesh, Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co., Qingdao, China), Lobar LiChroprep RP–18 (40–63 μm, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), and Sephadex LH–20 (18–110 μm, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used for open column chromatography. Solvents for extraction and purification were distilled prior to use.

3.2. Fungal Material

The fungus Penicillium bilaiae MA-267 was isolated from the rhizosphere of the marine mangrove plant Lumnitzera racemosa that was collected at Hainan Island, P. R. China, in March 2013. P. chermesinum EN-480 was isolated from the fresh tissue of marine red algal Pterocladiella tenuis, collected from Shandong province, P. R. China, in July 2014. The fungi were identified as Penicillium bilaiae and Penicillium chermesinum, respectively, by sequence analysis of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) regions of their 18S rDNA, as described previously [21]. The resulting sequence data obtained were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. KP096311 for P. bilaiae MA-267 and KT119566 for P. chermesinum EN-480). Both strains EN-480 and MA-267 are preserved at the Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

3.3. Fermentation

P. bilaiae MA-267 and P. chermesinum EN-480 were each grown on PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium at 28 °C for four days, and P. chermesinum EN-480 was then inoculated into 1 L conical flasks (100 × 100 mL, a total of 10 L), each containing 100 mL of rice medium (70 g rice, 0.3 g peptone, 0.1 g corn syrup, and 100 mL naturally sourced and filtered seawater that was obtained from the Huiquan Gulf of the Yellow Sea near the campus of IOCAS) at room temperature. After 3 days, a full loop of P. bilaiae MA-267 was transferred aseptically to each flask culture of P. chermesinum EN-480 and re-incubated at room temperature for 28 days.

3.4. Extraction and Isolation

The fermented co-cultures of P. bilaiae MA-267 and P. chermesinum EN-480 were exhaustively extracted with EtOAc (150 mL/flask). The combined EtOAc solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to give an extract (30 g), which was fractionated by silica gel vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) using different solvents of increasing polarity from petroleum ether (PE) to MeOH to yield ten fractions (Frs. 1–10), based on TLC (thin layer chromatography) analysis (developing solvents, CH2Cl2−MeOH, 20:1). Fraction 3 (1.5 g) was further purified by reversed-phase column chromatography (CC) over Lobar LiChroprep RP–18 with a MeOH-H2O gradient (from 20:80 to 100:0) to afford five subfractions (Fr. 3-1 to Fr. 3-5). Further purification of Fr. 3-3 by CC over silica gel with a CH2Cl2−MeOH gradient (from 80:1 to 10:1) and then on Sephadex LH–20 (MeOH) yielded compound 4 (10.8 mg) (Scheme 1). Fr.3-5 was further purified by CC over silica gel with a CH2Cl2−MeOH gradient (from 50:1 to 5:1), prep TLC (plate, 20 cm ×20 cm; developing solvents, petroleum ether−ethyl acetate, 5:1), and then on Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH) to yield compound 1 (12.1 mg). Fraction 5 (2.8 g) was further purified by reversed-phase column chromatography (CC) over Lobar LiChroprep RP–18 with a MeOH-H2O gradient (from 20:80 to 100:0) to afford five subfractions (Fr. 5-1 to Fr. 5-5). Fr. 5-2 was further purified by Sephadex LH–20 (MeOH) and then prep TLC (plate, 20 cm ×20 cm; developing solvents, petroleum ether−ethyl acetate, 2:1) to afford compound 5 (11.8 mg). Fr. 5-3 was further purified by CC over silica gel with a CH2Cl2−MeOH gradient (from 60:1 to 10:1) and then on Sephadex LH–20 (MeOH) to yield compound 3 (12.9 mg). Further purification of fraction 7 (0.8 g) by CC over silica gel with a CH2Cl2−MeOH gradient (from 50:1 to 1:1) and then on Sephadex LH–20 (MeOH) yielded compound 2 (2.2 mg). Sesquiterpenes and spiromeroterpenoid derivatives were the major metabolites of P. bilaiae MA-267 and P. chermesinum EN-480 when cultured alone, as reported in our previous chemical investigations [9,10,11].

Scheme 1

Isolation procedure of compounds 1–5.

Chermebilaene A (1): Colorless oil; (α: −5.25 (c 0.05, MeOH); IR υmax 2957, 1991, 1734, 1620, 991 cm−1; 1H and 13C NMR data, Table 1; HRESIMS m/z 558.4527 (M + NH4)+ (calcd for C35H60O4N, 558.4517), m/z 563.4074 (M + Na)+ (calcd for C35H56O4Na, 563.4071).

Chermebilaene B (2): Colorless solid; (α: −40.00 (c 0.08, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λmax (log ε) 202 (3.6) nm; IR υmax 3549, 3378, 2923, 1803, 1704, 1385, 1320, 1064 cm−1; ECD (MeOH) λmax (Δε) 209 (−2.7), 259 (−0.28) nm; 1H and 13C NMR data, Table 1; HRESIMS m/z 498.2684 (M + NH4)+ (calcd for C25H40O9N, 498.2698).

3.5. Hydrolysis of Compound 1

Compound 1 (10.0 mg, 18.5 μM) was dissolved in 5 mL of THF/MeOH/H2O (2/2/1) mixed solvent, to which an excess amount of lithium hydroxide (10.5 mg, 43.7 μM) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 36 h and was then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC analysis. The resulting reaction mixture was then dissolved in 2 mL of 10wt% NaH2PO4, extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 4 mL), dried with Na2SO4, and then concentrated in vacuo to obtain the product.

3.6. Antimicrobial Assay

Antimicrobial assays against two human pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus), seven aquatic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophilia, Edwardsiella ictarda, E. tarda, Vibrio alginolyticus, V. anguillarum, V. harveyi, and V. parahemolyticus), and four plant-pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani, Ceratobasidium cornigerum, Colletotrichum glecosporioides, and Fusarium graminearum), was carried out by the 96-well microtiter plates assay [19]. The pathogens were obtained from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Chloramphenicol and amphotericin B were used as positive controls for bacteria and fungi, respectively.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we isolated and identified two new meroterpenoid derivatives (1 and 2), as well as three known sesquiterpenoids (3−5), from the co-culture broth of two marine-derived fungi, P. bilaiae MA-267 and P. chermesinum EN-480, whereas neither fungus could produce these compounds when cultured alone. It is noteworthy that compound 1 represents an unprecedented acorane-type sesquiterpene hybridized with an octadecadienoic acid skeleton, and it may prove useful as an antibiotic agent against aquatic or plant pathogens. The fact that co-cultivation in the present study induced the production of new fungal metabolites with improved antimicrobial activity demonstrates the general value of such co-cultivation experiments and encourages future studies.