Sodium-calcium exchanger 1 is the key molecule for urinary potassium excretion against acute hyperkalemia.

The sodium (Na+)-chloride cotransporter (NCC) expressed in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a key molecule regulating urinary Na+ and potassium (K+) excretion. We previously reported that high-K+ load rapidly dephosphorylated NCC and promoted urinary K+ excretion in mouse kidneys. This effect was inhibited by calcineurin (CaN) and calmodulin inhibitors. However, the detailed mechanism through which high-K+ signal results in CaN activation remains unknown. We used Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells and mice to evaluate NCC phosphorylation. We analyzed intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]in) using live cell Ca2+ imaging in HEK293 cells. We confirmed that high-K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was not observed without CaN using Flp-In NCC HEK29 cells. Extracellular Ca2+ reduction with a Ca2+ chelator inhibited high-K+-induced increase in [Ca2+]in and NCC dephosphorylation. We focused on Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) 1, a bidirectional regulator of cytosolic Ca2+ expressed in DCT. We identified that NCX1 suppression with a specific inhibitor (SEA0400) or siRNA knockdown inhibited K+-induced increase in [Ca2+]in and NCC dephosphorylation. In a mouse study, SEA0400 treatment inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation. SEA0400 reduced urinary K+ excretion and induced hyperkalemia. Here, we identified NCX1 as a key molecule in urinary K+ excretion promoted by CaN activation and NCC dephosphorylation in response to K+ load.

Introduction

Several epidemiological studies have reported that potassium (K+) intake is inversely related to blood pressure [1, 2], the risk of cardiovascular disease, and mortality [3-5]. Evidence accumulated over the recent years has been drawing considerable attention to the importance of K+ intake. However, patients with kidney failure are particularly at risk of hyperkalemia. Therefore, the mechanism of K+ excretion by the kidney needs to be elucidated.

Sodium (Na+)-chloride (Cl−) cotransporter (NCC), expressed along the apical membrane of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) in the kidney, is essential for regulating urinary K+ excretion and blood pressure. NCC does not directly transport K+ but regulates Na+ reabsorption in the DCT, controlling Na+ delivery into the downstream nephron segments, where the epithelial sodium channel mediates electrogenic Na+ reabsorption and K+ is secreted through the renal outer medullary K+ channel. Further, the study of two genetic diseases (Gitelman syndrome and pseudohypoaldosteronism type II) revealed the involvement of NCC in K+ regulation. These diseases demonstrate that NCC activation and inactivation cause hyperkalemia [6] and hypokalemia [7], respectively.

NCC is phosphorylated and activated by Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) regulated by Kelch-like protein 3 (KLHL3)-with-no-lysine kinase 4 (WNK4) cascade [8, 9]. The mechanism of NCC phosphorylation in low-K+ conditions is known; low-K+ stimulates WNK4–SPAK cascade, activating NCC [10, 11]. Terker et al. reported that low-K+ hyperpolarized the basolateral membrane of DCT, causing the efflux of Cl− through the basolateral Cl− channels. The intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]in) reduction activates the WNK signal, subsequently increasing NCC phosphorylation and activity. Experiments using genetically modified animal models confirmed that the Kir4.1/Kir5.1 K+ [12, 13] and ClC-K/barttin Cl− channels [14] are involved in the low-K+-induced reduction in [Cl-]in.

The mechanism of NCC inactivation following a high-K+ load remains unknown. Rapid regulation of NCC following high-K+ load differs from the response observed in the chronic phase. Castañeda-Bueno et al. showed an increase in NCC phosphorylation following the administration of a K+-citrate diet for 2 days [15], whereas other reports have stated that KCl decreases NCC phosphorylation [10, 16]. Conversely, we previously reported that NCC was rapidly dephosphorylated by acute high-K+ administration and this process was independent of the anion accompanying K+ [17]. Thus, considering the acute and chronic phases separately is necessary to understand the effect of high-K+ intake on NCC regulation. Aldosterone is another K+ control system that responds to high K+. However, a previous report showed that K+-induced dephosphorylation of NCC is independent of aldosterone because NCC dephosphorylation occurred before there was an increase in aldosterone. In addition, NCC dephosphorylation was observed in aldosynthase-deficient mice [16]. In ex vivo mouse kidney slice experiments, Penton et al. showed that the inhibition of the plasma membrane Cl− flux using a Cl− channel blocker did not prevent NCC dephosphorylation in response to high-K+ stimulation [18]. They concluded that a Cl−-independent mechanism controls NCC dephosphorylation in response to high-K+ intake and speculated about the involvement of protein phosphatase (PP) in this mechanism.

Several PPs, e.g. PP1 [19], Calcineurin (CaN, called PP2B [20]), PP4 [21], reportedly modulate NCC phosphorylation. In our previous study, we observed that the CaN inhibitor, tacrolimus, inhibited rapid K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation and reduced urinary K+ excretion in the acute phase [17]. Other studies have reported an increased abundance of NCC in mouse kidneys after treatment with CaN inhibitors [22, 23]. One study suggested that depolarization induced by BaCl2 dephosphorylates NCC despite the presence of constitutively active SPAK in cultured cells and that tacrolimus inhibits NCC dephosphorylation [20]. These results suggest that CaN is a potent phosphatase dephosphorylating NCC under high-K+ conditions. CaN is a Ca2+- and calmodulin (CaM)-dependent serine/threonine PP comprising a catalytic CaN-A subunit that contains CaM-binding and autoinhibitory domains. CaN-A is constitutively bound to a regulatory CaN-B subunit possessing four EF-hand Ca2+-binding domains [24]. CaN activation requires an increase in [Ca2+]in. Therefore, we hypothesized that an elevated extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]ex) increases [Ca2+]in to activate CaN for rapid K+ excretion in the kidney.

Herein, we used in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models to identify the mechanism of K+-induced rapid NCC dephosphorylation and urinary K+ excretion.

Materials and methods

Plasmids

Human CaN-A, CaN-B, NCX1, and constitutively active CaN-A (CA-CaN-A) cDNAs were isolated using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) using human brain mRNA (Human Total RNA Master Panel II, BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and C57BL/6J mouse kidney mRNA as templates, respectively (primers shown in S1 Table in S1 File). CA-CaN-A was designed to be a truncated form of the catalytic Aα subunit, which lacks the autoinhibitory domain, and a portion of the calmodulin-binding domain yet retains the CaN-B-binding domain [25]. Subsequently, cDNAs were inserted into a T7-tagged pRK5 vector by Gibson assembly (New England Biolabs Inc, Ipswich, MA, USA). Site-directed mutagenesis was performed using PrimeSTAR MAX DNA polymerase (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan) to generate mutant CaN-B and NCX1. Each of the four EF-hand Ca2+ binding sites (EF1–4) in CaN-B contains a single conserved glutamic acid (Glu/E) in the 12th position [26]. Because EF1 and EF2 are more important for CaN activity than sites EF3 and EF4 [26], we replaced the Glu with lysine (Lys/K) in both EF1 and EF2 (S1 Fig). SEA0400-insensitive NCX1 mutant (F213L NCX1) was constructed by replacing 213 phenylalanine (Phe/F) to leucine (Leu/L), as previously described [27].

Cell culture and transfections

As previously described [28], HEK293 T-Rex cells, stably expressing NCC (Flp-In NCC HEK293), were cultured/selected in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (Nacalai tesque, Kyoto, Japan), following which they were supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum, 100 units/ml penicillin, 15 μg/ml blasticidin, and 0.1 mg/ml hygromycin at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. Protein expression was induced using 10 μg/ml doxycycline for 24 h. To evaluate the NCC dephosphorylation, Flp-in NCC HEK293 cells were incubated in control (K+ 3 mM) or high K+ solution (K+ 10 mM). The extracellular K+ concentrations were determined based on a previous study [18]. Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells were transfected by the indicated amount of plasmid DNA with Lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). For each transfection, the total amount of plasmid DNA was adjusted by adding empty vectors.

For NCX1 and SPAK small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown experiments, we used 30 pmol of SLC8A1 Human siRNA Oligo Duplex (CAT#: SR304429, OriGene, Rockville, MD, USA) and STK39 mouse siRNA TRIO (CAT#: SMF27A-2154; Cosmo Bio USA Co., Carlsbad, CA, USA). Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells were transfected with the siRNA using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cells were incubated 48 h before use.

One micromolar 2-[4-[(2,5-difluorophenyl) methoxy]phenoxy]-5-ehoxyaniline (SEA0400; Cat # A15236, AdooQ Bioscience, Irvine, CA, USA) was used as an NCX1-specific inhibitor. One micromolar nifedipine (Cat # 21829, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 1 μM mibefradil (Cat # 15037, Cayman Chemical, MI, USA) and 100 μM nickel (II) chloride (NiCl2, Cat #149–01041, Fuji Film Wako, Osaka, JAPAN), were used as a specific L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, a specific T-type Ca2+ blocker, and a T-type Ca2+ channel and NCX1 inhibitor, respectively.

Western blotting and immunofluorescence

Western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed as previously described [14, 29, 30]. The detail of the method is described in S1 Materials and Methods in S1 File. For Western blotting, the Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells were washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline and solubilized in lysis buffer. Kidney samples were homogenized and then the homogenates were centrifuged to separate entire kidney samples without the nuclear fraction, as either whole kidney lysates (600 g, supernatant) and crude membrane fraction (17000 g, pellet). The values of phosphorylated NCC bands were normalized to the total bands, whereas the values of other bands were normalized to actin. For immunofluorescence, kidneys were fixed by perfusion through the left ventricle with periodate lysine (0.2 M) and paraformaldehyde (2%) in PBS. Images were acquired using TCS SP8 confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems). Primary and secondary antibodies used in the present study are listed in Table 1. Specific bands obtained with phosphorylated SPAK antibody in HEK293T cells were confirmed by using siRNA knockdown (S2 Fig).

Table 1

List of antibodies.

Protein	Host	Source [Reference] (Cat #/Lot#))	Dilution	Dilution medium
Primary antibodies
pNCC (Ser 71)	Rabbit	[31]	1:500 (WB)	TBST (WB)
pNCC (Thr 53)	Rabbit	[32]	1:500 (WB, IF)	TBST (WB), 0.1% BSA in PBS (IF)
tNCC	Guinea pig	[29]	1:500 (IF)	0.1% BSA in PBS (IF)
tNCC	Rabbit	[29]	1:500 (WB)	TBST (WB)
pSPAK (Ser 383)	Rabbit	[14],.S2 Fig	1:500	Can get signal *1
T7-Tag monoclonal	Mouse	Novagen (69522–4)	1:7500	TBST
Pan calcineurin A	Rabbit	Cell Signaling (2614)	1:500	TBST
Calcineurin B	Rabbit	Abcam (ab154650)	1:500	TBST
Actin	Rabbit	Cytoskeleton (AAN01, Lot 121)	1:1000	TBST
Calbindin D28k	Mouse	Swant (#300, monoclonal)	1:1500 (IF)	0.1% BSA in PBS
Secondary antibodies
Rabbit IgG AP conjugate	N/A	Promega (S3738)/246053	1:7500	5% skim milk in TBST / Can get signal*1 (for SPAK antibodies)
Guinea pig IgG AP conjugate	N/A	Sigma (A2293)/10K4845	1:500	5% skim milk in TBST
Alexa-Rabbit IgG 488	Goat	Molecular Probes (A11008/57099A)	1:200	0.1% BSA in PBS
Alexa-Guinea pig IgG 546	Goat	Molecular Probes (A11007/1073002)	1:200	0.1% BSA in PBS
Alexa-Rabbit IgG 546	Goat	Molecular Probes (A11010/1733163)	1:200	0.1% BSA in PBS
Alexa-Mouse IgG 488	Goat	Molecular Probes (A11001/50126A)	1:200	0.1% BSA in PBS
Alexa-Guinea pig IgG 647	Goat	Molecular Probes (A21450/2026140)	1:200	0.1% BSA in PBS

*1. Can Get Signal Immunoreaction Enhancer Solution (TOYOBO, Tokyo, Japan).

BSA: bovine serum albumin; IF: immunofluorescence; WB: Western blotting.

Intracellular Cl− measurement

Intracellular Cl− was measured as previously described [11]. Cells were plated in collagen-coated 96-well plates. Cells were loaded for 1 h with the Cl—sensitive fluorescent dye, N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide (MQAE) (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan) in Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBBS) (110 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 4 mM Na acetate, 1 mM Na citrate, 6 mM D-glucose, 6 mM L-alanine, 1 mM NaH2PO4, 3 mM Na2HPO4, 25 mM NaHCO3). After loading, cells were washed thrice, and fluorescence was measured on a FLUOstar OPTIMA-6 (BMG Labtech) using 350 nm excitation and 460 nm emission.

Intracellular calcium assay

Intracellular calcium assay was performed as previously described [30]. The culture medium of the Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells was replaced by loading buffer containing 5 μg/ml Fluo 4-AM (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan), 1.25 mmol/l probenecid (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan), and 0.02% Pluronic F-127 (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan). Following incubation with 5 mM EGTA or 1 μM SEA0400 in the loading buffer for 1h at 37°C, the loading buffer was replaced by recording medium containing 1.25 mmol/l probenecid. NCX1 siRNA silencing was applied 48 h before loading buffer replacement. Following the administration of KCl (final concentration: 10 mM), the fluorescence intensities of Fluo 4 were quantified from five regions of interest using LSM 510 Meta confocal microscopy and the Zen 2009 software (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany).

http://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.baihicb6

Animal experiments

All experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines for animal research of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan, and The Animal Care and Use Committee of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University and Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan, approved the protocol (A2018-183C3). Experiments were performed on male adult C57BL/6 mice (23–25 g of body weight), purchased from Japan SLC, Inc. All mice were housed under diurnal lighting conditions (light period: 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.). A high-K+ solution (K+ 1.7%, K-gluconate as dissolved in 2% sucrose) or a control solution (2% sucrose) was administered to mice via oral gavage (15 μl/g of body weight) as previously described [17].

SEA0400 was diluted in a mixture of 5% DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 5% gum Arabic (Nacalai tesque, Kyoto, Japan). SEA0400 (10 mg/kg) or the vehicle solution was intraperitoneally injected into each mouse, 1 h before K+ oral gavage. Kidneys were collected 15 min after oral gavage and protein samples were prepared for Western blotting and immunofluorescence.

Mice were housed in metabolic cages, and the urinary excretion study was performed as described previously [16]. Following treatment with SEA0400 and K+ oral gavage, urine samples were collected every 30 min through either spontaneous voiding or bladder massage. Saline (1.5 ml) was loaded intraperitoneally 1 h before K+ oral gavage, to prevent dehydration during the experiment. Urine data were analyzed using the DRI–CHEM analyzer (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan). At 120 min after K+ oral gavage, blood was collected from the orbital venous plexus with the mice under anesthesia. Blood data were analyzed using iSTAT EC8t (Abbott, Inc., Abbott Park, IL).

Ex vivo kidney slice experiment

Kidney slices were prepared as previously described [14, 33]. Before the harvest of both kidneys, mice were perfused at 17 ml/min using HBBS (110 mM NaCl, 3 mM KCl, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.8 mM CaCl2, 4 mM Na acetate, 1 mM Na citrate, 6 mM D-glucose, 6 mM L-alanine, 1 mM NaH2PO4, 3 mM Na2HPO4, 25 mM NaHCO3) or Ca2+-free-HBBS, under deep anesthesia. The kidneys were sliced (< 0.5 mm) using a microslicer (Natume Seisakusho Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) and ice-cold HBBS. Following recovery in HBBS at room temperature for 20 min, the slices were transferred to the incubation chambers containing 3 mM K+ or 10 mM K+ with/without 5 mM EGTA. For thapsigargin and SEA0400 analysis, slices were pre-incubated in 100-μM thapsigargin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 50-μM SEA0400 for 30 min at room temperature before transferred to the incubation chambers. After incubation at 28°C for 30 min, slices were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and processed for immunoblotting. During the experiments, all solutions were continuously bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. (S3 Fig)

http://dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.baf9ibr6

Electrophysiological calculation of the driving force of NCX1 in DCT

The magnitude of driving force of NCX (ENCX) was calculated by using the following formula [34].

ENa and ECa are the respective Nernst potential for Na+ and Ca2+, Em: the membrane potential calculated by Goldman–Hodgikin–Katz, r: the stoichiometric ratio, r = 3. Nernst equation:

Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz equation:

Ion concentrations and permeabilities are identical to those published [35-37].

[K+]i: 151.4 mM, [Na+]o: 144 mM, [Na+]i: 15.9 mM, [Cl−]o: 120.5 mM, [Cl−]i: 18.6 mM, [Ca2+]o: 1.2 mM, [Ca2+]in: 100 nM, Pk: 0.56, PNa: 0.00, PCl: 0.19 (0.339 PK).

Statistical analysis

Data are presented as the means ± SEM. For multiple-group comparison, the mean value of “control, NK” group was set to “1”, and all other ratios were compared to this. Two-way ANOVA using Tukey’s test was performed to compare multiple groups, whereas the t-test was used to compare two groups. For all analyses, a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Calcineurin is essential for K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation

Hoorn et al. reported that tacrolimus treatment significantly increased phosphorylated NCC [22]. We have previously shown that a CaN inhibitor blocked the rapid NCC dephosphorylation in mouse kidneys [17]. In the present study, we generated constitutively active CaN-A (CA-CaN-A) by removing the autoinhibitory domain to investigate the direct contribution of CaN to NCC dephosphorylation in vitro. Following CA-CaN-A overexpression in Flp-In NCC HEK293, NCC was evidently dephosphorylated (Fig 1A).

Fig 1

Calcineurin activity is essential for K+-induced rapid NCC dephosphorylation in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells.

A. (left) Representative immunoblots of CA-CaN-A overexpressed in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells. CA-CaN-A significantly decreased the abundance of phosphorylated NCC. The abundance of phosphorylated SPAK shows no significant change in CA-CaN-A overexpression. (right) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC ratio and phosphorylated SPAK in dot plots (n = 6). *p < 0.05 by unpaired t-test. B. (left) Representative immunoblots of Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells wherein CaN-B or CaN-A+CaN-B were overexpressed. Endogenous CaN-B was not expressed in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells. Phosphorylated NCC level was decreased following high-K+ stimulation for 15 min in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells, in which CaN-B or CaN-A+CaN-B were overexpressed. (right) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC ratio and phosphorylated SPAK in dot plots (n = 6). *p < 0.05 by Tukey’s test after multiple-way ANOVA. C. (left) Representative immunoblots of Flp-In NCC HEK293 cell treated with 1 μM tacrolimus. Treatment with tacrolimus for 1 h inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells. (right) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC ratio in dot plots (n = 6). *p < 0.05 by Tukey’s test after two-way ANOVA. NCC, sodium–chloride cotransporter; pNCC, phosphorylated sodium–chloride cotransporter; tNCC, total sodium–chloride cotransporter; pSPAK, phosphorylated Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase; NK, normal potassium (K+ 3 mM); HK, high potassium (K+ 10 mM); CaN-A, calcineurin A; CaN-B, calcineurin B; CA-CaN-A, constitutively active CaN-A; TAC, tacrolimus; n.s., not significant. Arrow heads indicate p-SPAK bands.

It has been reported that HEK293T cells express low levels of endogenous CaN-B [38]. Unlike in the in vivo setting [17], this renders the evaluation of NCC dephosphorylation in HEK293 cells difficult. Consistent with previous reports, we observed higher endogenous CaN-A protein levels and extremely low endogenous CaN-B levels in Flp-In NCC HEK 293 cells (Fig 1B). Following transient CaN-B overexpression in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells, we observed K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation, which did not occur in CaN-B untransfected cells (Fig 1B). Therefore, Flp-In NCC overexpressing CaN-B was used in subsequent experiments unless otherwise noted. We observed that tacrolimus inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells overexpressing CaNs (Fig 1C). These results confirmed that CaN is essential for K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation.

To investigate the involvement of the Cl–WNK–SPAK cascade in K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation, we evaluated SPAK phosphorylation and intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]in) and observed no significant changes in pSPAK levels in HEK cells upon CA-CaN-A overexpression (Fig 1A). SPAK was not dephosphorylated under the high-K+ condition in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells, even upon CaN overexpression (Fig 1B). [Cl−]in was slightly higher under the high-K+ condition; however, the difference was not significant (S4 Fig). Together, these results conclude that K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation via CaN is independent of the Cl−-dependent WNK–SPAK–NCC signaling cascade, at least in the acute phase.

Extracellular Ca2+ is essential for K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation

Because CaN is a Ca2+/CaM-dependent PP [39, 40], the increase in [Ca2+]in is mandatory for CaN activation. To confirm the contribution of Ca2+ to CaN activation and NCC dephosphorylation, mutant CaN-B, containing defective Ca2+-binding sites, was transfected into Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells. CaN-B has four EF-hand Ca2+ binding sites (EF1–4), which are important for CaN activation [41, 42]. The CaN-B mutant was constructed wherein EF1 and EF2 were selectively disrupted (S1 Fig). As shown in Fig 2A, K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was not observed in Flp-In HEK293 cells overexpressing the mutant CaN-B protein (Fig 2A). We analyzed [Ca2+]in following K+ administration using live cell Ca2+ imaging with Fluo 4-AM in the HEK293 cells; subsequent results revealed an evident increase in [Ca2+]in (Fig 2B). The K+-induced increase in [Ca2+]in was completely inhibited by EGTA, an extracellular Ca2+ chelator; the ensuing removal of [Ca2+]ex using EGTA inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation (Fig 2C). We conducted ex vivo kidney slice experiments as previously described [14, 33], to confirm the in vitro findings. We observed that NCC was dephosphorylated in high-K+ medium in wild-type mouse kidney slices. In kidney slices pre-incubated in [Ca2+]ex-free medium with EGTA, K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was significantly suppressed (Fig 2D). We evaluated Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) using thapsigargin in ex vivo kidney slices. Kidney slices were pre-incubated in 100-μM thapsigargin solution; this depleted Ca2+ stored in the ER. Thapsigargin did not inhibit K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation (S5 Fig). These results suggested that a K+ load promoted Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space, leading to the increase in [Ca2+]in and NCC dephosphorylation.

Fig 2

Ca2+ influx after high-K+ stimulation is essential for NCC dephosphorylation in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells.

A. (left) Representative immunoblots of Ca2+-binding-deficient CaN-B (CaN-B mutant) overexpressed in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells. Overexpression of Ca2+-binding-deficient CaN-B suppressed K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation. (right) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC ratio in dot plots (n = 6). *p < 0.05 by Tukey’s test after two-way ANOVA. B. (left) Representative images of Fluo 4 intensity 30 s after K+ administration. K+ (10 mM final concentration) was added to Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells in an EGTA-containing medium or control medium. The increased Fluo 4 fluorescence intensity following addition of K+ was inhibited in the EGTA-containing medium. Scale bars, 20 μm. (right) Representative time-course of Fluo 4 fluorescence intensity. The x and y axes indicate time and Fluo 4 fluorescence intensity, respectively. C. (left) Representative immunoblots of Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells in 5 mM EGTA-containing medium. The high-K+-induced reduction in phosphorylated NCC level was inhibited in the EGTA-containing medium. (right) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC ratio in dot plots (n = 6). *p < 0.05 by Tukey’s test after two-way ANOVA. D. (left) Representative immunoblots of mouse kidney slices ex vivo. The high-K+-induced reduction in phosphorylated NCC level was inhibited in the EGTA-containing medium. (right) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC ratio in dot plots (n = 6). *p < 0.05 by Tukey’s test after two-way ANOVA. NCC, sodium–chloride cotransporter; pNCC, phosphorylated sodium–chloride cotransporter; tNCC, total sodium–chloride cotransporter; NK, normal potassium (K+ 3 mM); HK, high potassium (K+ 10 mM); CaN-B, calcineurin B; n.s., not significant.

Reverse-mode NCX plays a role in the Ca2+ influx pathway

We hypothesized that a Ca2+ transporter in DCT cells are involved in the increase of Ca2+ influx following a high-K+ load. The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) 1 is a major Ca2+ transporter in DCT cells, mediating Ca2+ entry following cell depolarization. Therefore, we focused on NCX1 as a potential candidate in the Ca2+-influx pathway. NCX is a bidirectional transporter regulated by the membrane potential and transmembrane gradients of Na+ and Ca2+ [43, 44] and expressed on the basolateral membrane of DCT cells [45]. Under cell depolarization, NCX may operate in the “reverse-mode” to mediate Ca2+ entry [46, 47].

Because NCX1 is primarily expressed in the late DCT and connecting tubule (CNT) [48] and NCC is expressed primarily in the early DCT, double immunofluorescence was initially performed to confirm NCX1 and NCC co-expression in mouse kidneys. We observed that NCX1 and NCC were evidently co-expressed (S6 Fig). Subsequently, we demonstrated NCX1 expression in Flp-In HEK 293 cells, using RT–PCR and Western blotting (Fig 3A). We treated the cells with 1 μM SEA0400 (a selective inhibitor of reverse-mode NCX1 [49]) for 1 h before stimulating with 10 mM K+ and observed that SEA0400 evidently inhibited the increase in [Ca2+]in following a K+ load, as observed in live cell Ca2+ imaging (Fig 3B). We confirmed that NiCl2 (an inhibitor of T-type Ca2+ channel and NCX) inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation (S7 Fig). Nifedipine (specific L-type Ca2+ channel blocker), mibefradil (specific T-type Ca2+ channel blocker) were used to inhibit other Ca2+ channels. Treatments with nifedipine and mibefradil did not inhibit neither the increase in [Ca2+]in nor NCC dephosphorylation following a K+ load (Fig 3B, S7 Fig). Then, we clarified that SEA0400 effectively inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation (Fig 3C). To confirm these results we showed in cultured cells, we performed ex vivo experiments as well which reflects in vivo function. we observed K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was suppressed in kidney slices incubated in SEA0400 (Fig 3D). To verify that this effect of SEA0400 is specific for NCX1, we constructed F213L NCX1, insensitive to SEA0400. We previously reported that the SEA0400-insensitve mutant is useful to assess the pharmacological significance of NCX1 inhibition by performing a hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cell damage experiment [27]. We overexpressed either wild-type NCX1 or F213L mutant NCX1 in Flp-In HEK293 cells and treated the cells with SEA0400 1 h before K+ administration. SEA0400, which presumably could inhibit both endogenous NCX1 and transfected wild-type NCX1, suppressed K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation in cells overexpressing wild-type NCX1 (S8 Fig). Conversely, in the cells overexpressing F213L NCX1, K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was not inhibited by SEA0400 (S8 Fig). This suggests that NCX1 inhibition by SEA0400 was responsible for the suppression of K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation.

Fig 3

Pharmacological suppression of sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) 1 inhibited the increase in [Ca2+]in and sodium–chloride cotransporter (NCC) dephosphorylation following high-K+ stimulation in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells.

A. (left) mRNA expression of NCX1 was observed in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells. Samples containing distilled water and human brain cDNA were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. P.C., positive control; N.C., negative control. (middle) Representative immunoblots of NCX1 in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells with NCX1 siRNA. (right) Quantitative analysis of protein levels of NCX1 in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells with NCX1 siRNA (n = 6). NCX1 protein expression was significantly reduced after NCX1 silencing with siRNA (n = 6). siNeg, negative control with siRNA, * represents significant differences at p <0.05 using an unpaired t-test. B. (left) Representative images of Fluo-4 fluorescence intensity 30 s after K+ administration. A 10 mM final concentration of K+ was added to Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells with/without 1 μM SEA0400. Increased Fluo-4 fluorescence intensity following K+ administration was inhibited through treatment with SEA0400. Scale bars, 20 μm. (right) Representative time-course of Fluo-4 fluorescence intensity. The x and y axes indicate time and Fluo-4 fluorescence intensity, respectively. Nifedipine (1 μM) was used as the negative control. C. (upper) Representative immunoblots of a Flp-In NCC HEK293 cell treated with 1 μM SEA0400. Treatment with SEA0400 inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation. (lower) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC in dot plots (n = 6). *p < 0.05 by Tukey’s test after two-way ANOVA. n.s., not significant. NK, normal potassium (K+ 3 mM); HK, high potassium (K+ 10 mM). D. (upper) Representative immunoblots of mouse kidney slices ex vivo. Treatment with 50 μM SEA0400 inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation. (lower) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC in dot plots (n = 6). *p < 0.05 by Tukey’s test after two-way ANOVA. n.s., not significant. NK, normal potassium (K+ 3 mM); HK, high potassium (K+ 10 mM).

We also used siRNA to suppress NCX1 expression in order to confirm the role of NCX1 in high-K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation. The suppression of NCX1 expression using siRNA was confirmed both by Western blotting and quantitative RT–PCR (Fig 3A and S9 Fig). K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was not observed following the siRNA silencing of NCX1 expression in Flp-In HEK293 cells (Fig 4A). In addition, NCX1 silencing suppressed the increase in [Ca2+]in following a K+ load in Flp-In HEK293 cells, as observed by live cell Ca2+ imaging (Fig 4B).

Fig 4

Sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) 1 silencing with small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed K+-induced sodium–chloride cotransporter (NCC) dephosphorylation.

A. (left) Representative immunoblots of Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells with NCX1 siRNA, which inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation. (right) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC in dot plots (n = 6). * represents significant differences at p <0.05 using Tukey’s test after a two-way ANOVA. n.s., not significant. B. (left) Representative images of Fluo-4 fluorescence intensity 30 s after K+ administration. K+ was added to Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells with NCX1 siRNA and the negative control siRNA (siNeg). The increase in Fluo-4 fluorescence intensity following K+ administration was attenuated in NCX1-silenced cells. Scale bars, 20 μm. (right) Representative time-course of Fluo-4 fluorescence intensity. The x and y axes indicate time and Fluo 4 fluorescence intensity, respectively. NK, normal potassium (K+ 3 mM); HK, high potassium (K+ 10 mM).

Blockade of NCX1 inhibited rapid NCC dephosphorylation after a K+ load in mouse kidneys

To investigate the role of NCX1 in K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation and urinary K+ excretion in vivo, we administered 10 mg/kg SEA0400 intraperitoneally to adult C57BL/6 mice 1 h before 1.7% K+ oral gavage. The SEA0400 dosage was determined according to a previous study [49]. SEA0400-treated mice appeared normal, acting in a manner similar to vehicle-treated mice. We observed that SEA0400 evidently inhibited rapid NCC dephosphorylation following a K+ load by Western blotting and immunofluorescence (Figs 5 and 6A). To investigate the part of nephron segments wherein NCC was specifically dephosphorylated after K+ load, phosphorylated NCC were co-stained with calbindin, a marker of late DCT. We confirmed that calbindin overlapped with NCX1 as shown in a previous study [48] (S10 Fig). We observed that the phosphorylated NCC was slightly retained in the kidneys with K+ load; this retained NCC was mainly observed in the early DCT wherein calbindin was not stained (Fig 5). In addition, we used NCX1+/− KO mice, in which NCX1 expression is approximately 50% of that reported in wild-type mice [50]. In NCX1+/− KO mice, K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was not evident (S11 Fig).

Fig 5

K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation is observed mainly in late DCT.

Representative immunofluorescences. Calbindin was used as a marker of late DCT. NCC expressed early DCT (arrow heads) and late DCT (arrows). K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was observed mainly in late DCT. The K+-induced dephosphorylation of NCC in late DCT was inhibited by SEA0400 treatment. Red: pNCC (Thr 53), white: tNCC, green: Calbindin. Scale bars indicate 50 μm.

Fig 6

Sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) 1 contributes to the rapid NCC dephosphorylation and kaliuresis following K+ oral administration in mice.

A. (left) Representative immunoblots of total and phosphorylated NCC in mouse kidneys treated with SEA0400. SEA0400 or vehicle was intraperitoneally injected, 1 h before K+ oral gavage. Kidneys were collected 15 min after oral gavage. The rapid NCC dephosphorylation following the K+ load was significantly inhibited by treatment with SEA0400. (right) Quantitative analysis of blots from both the total and phosphorylated NCC in mouse kidneys shown in dot plots (n = 6). *p < 0.05 by Tukey’s test after two-way ANOVA. B. Cumulative analysis of urinary K+, Na+ and Cl− excretion following K+ oral gavage (n = 6). Mice were pre-treated with SEA0400 1 h before K+ oral gavage. Following K+ administration, urine was collected every 30 min. In the SEA0400-treated mice, urinary K+ excretion was significantly suppressed at 30 and 90 min after K+ administration. The urinary Na+ excretion was significantly suppressed at 30 min after K+ administration. Urinary Cl− excretion was lower at all-time points in SEA0400-treated mice; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Mean ± standard error of the mean. *represents significant differences at p <0.05 using Tukey’s test after a two-way ANOVA at each time point.

To investigate the physiological contribution of NCX1 to NCC-related kaliuresis, we analyzed urinary K+ excretion and blood K+ level under acute K+ load. SEA0400-treated mice demonstrated significantly lower urinary K+ excretion than vehicle-treated mice at 30 and 90 min following a high-K+ load (Fig 6B). In SEA0400-treated mice, Na+ and Cl− excretion were significantly low and exhibited a low tendency, respectively (Fig 6B). Blood K+ level at 120 min following a high-K+ load was significantly higher in SEA0400-treated mice than in vehicle-treated counterparts (Table 2). This indicates that NCX1 plays a role in K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation and urinary K+ excretion, similar to the [Ca2+]ex influx pathway in the acute phase of K+ loading. Because the primary role of NCX1 is Ca2+ reabsorption, we investigated urinary Ca2+ excretion after oral K+ loading. Urine Ca2+ excretion was similar in K+-administered and control mice (S12 Fig). We speculated the involvement of a compensational system for Ca2+ reabsorption.

Table 2

Blood data for the mice 120 min after K+ oral gavage.

	control (N = 6)	High-K+ (N = 6)
Na (mmol/l)
vehicle	148 ± 1	149 ± 1
SEA0400	148 ± 1	149 ± 1
K (mmol/l)
vehicle	4.8 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.2*
SEA0400	4.7 ± 0.1	6.5 ± 0.4*
Cl (mmol/l)
vehicle	112 ± 1	109 ± 2
SEA0400	110 ± 2	113 ± 1
pH
vehicle	7.27 ± 0.02	7.27 ± 0.01
SEA0400	7.27 ± 0.03	7.28 ± 0.03

Data shown are mean ± SEM. Statistical significance between each groups were assessed by two-way analysis of variance using Tukey’s test.

* p < 0.05. Na, sodium; K, potassium; Cl, chloride.

Discussion

Herein, we identified the mechanism of Ca2+ signaling in DCT cells and verified the mechanism of high-K+-induced rapid NCC dephosphorylation. We observed that Ca2+ influx occurred following K+ stimulation and was inhibited by EGTA treatment and NCX1 suppression. Previously, we showed that CaN rapidly dephosphorylated NCC in response to high-K+ intake [17]. It is hypothesized that a high-K+ condition reverses the action of NCX, leading to Ca2+ influx; this increases [Ca2+]in, activates CaN, and eventually leads to NCC dephosphorylation. The proposed signaling pathway is summarized in Fig 7. Our in vivo experimental results support the proposed mechanism, showing that SEA0400 treatment reduces urinary K+ excretion following high-K+ load.

Fig 7

K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation via CaN: The proposed mechanism.

High plasma K+ level depolarizes the cell membrane potential, leading to Ca2+ influx through reverse-mode NCX and consequently an increase in [Ca2+]in. The increase in [Ca2+]in activates CaN, which dephosphorylates NCC. Na+, sodium; Ca2+, calcium; K+, potassium; P, phosphorylation; [Ca2+]in, intracellular calcium concentration; NCC, sodium–chloride cotransporter; NCX, sodium–calcium exchanger.

The adrenal gland also controls K+ balance. In adrenal zona glomerulosa cells, increase in plasma [K+] leads to depolarization, opening voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) and stimulating the production and release of aldosterone [51]. To our knowledge, there is no report conclusively demonstrating physiological role of VDCCs in DCT cells. In DCT, Ca2+ reabsorption occurs via transcellular pathway. The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 (TRPV5) and TRPV6 on the apical membrane reabsorb Ca2+ into DCT cells. Basolateral Ca2+ extrusion was mediated by NCX and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) in DCT cell [52]. In DCT, TRPV5 is a major Ca2+ channel involved in Ca2+ influx. Membrane depolarization has not been reported to affect the TRPV5 activity. Conversely, hyperpolarization increased TRPV5 activity, promoting Ca2+ influx into the cells [53]. Therefore, TRPV5 is unlikely to be involved in mediating high-K+-induced Ca2+ influx as a Ca2+ transporter. NCX may increase Ca2+ influx through the reverse mode in response to increased [K+]ex. NCX1 has been reported to mediate the electrogenic stoichiometry of ion-exchange (3Na+:Ca2+), operating in forward (Ca2+-efflux) or reverse (Ca2+-influx) mode. The mode depends on the intracellular or extracellular [Na+] and [Ca2+] as well as on the membrane potential [43, 54]. Reverse-mode NCX has been implicated in the Ca2+ influx pathway in other cell types [55, 56]. Drumm et al. reported that the depolarization of interstitial cells of Cajal at a high-K+ condition increased intracellular Ca2+ waves by Ca2+ influx via reverse-mode NCX [57]. Therefore, following a high-K⁺ load, the reverse-mode NCX1 is a potential Ca2+ influx pathway in DCT cells. To confirm whether membrane depolarization in response to a change in [K+]ex is sufficient to drive Ca2+ entry, we calculated the magnitude of NCX driving force (ENCX) using a formula assigned with ion concentrations and solute permeability in the DCT, as described previously [34, 36, 52, 58]. We observed that high-K+ condition reversed the ENCX (S13 Fig). Although computationally estimated, these results support the hypothesis and suggest that the high-K+ condition leads NCX1 as a reverse mode at least in standard conditions in the DCT.

Mammalian NCX proteins have three isoforms—NCX1 [59], NCX2 [60], and NCX3 [61]. NCX1 is the major isoform and is widely expressed in the heart, kidney, brain, arteries, and other organs. Conversely, NCX2 and NCX3 expressions are the highest in the brain and skeletal muscle [59]. In the kidney, NCX1 is predominantly localized in the basolateral membranes of late DCTs and CNT [48, 52, 62]. Gotoh et al. suggested that NCX2 is expressed in the DCT [45]. However, an RNA-deep-sequencing study of microdissected renal tubules did not corroborate this finding [63], indicating that NCX2 expression in the DCT is much lower than NCX1 expression.

In a previous study [45], NCX1 heterozygous KO mice and SEA0400-treated mice did not show significant changes in urinary K+ excretion, compared with wild-type and vehicle-treated mice, respectively. NCX2 inhibition promoted a significant increase in urinary K+ excretion at 24 h. During our short observation period, NCX1 inhibition using SEA0400 did not suppress urinary K+ excretion in control mice without a K+ load, suggesting that NCX1 does not contribute to K+ excretion in a steady-state condition. Following a rapid increase in [K+]ex, NCX1 functions in reverse mode, contributing to the increase in urinary K+ excretion. NCC dephosphorylation is more rapid than plasma aldosterone elevation in response to K+ intake [16]. Therefore, the mechanism of rapid NCC dephosphorylation plays a protective role against hyperkalemia in the acute phase of K+ intake.

Melnikov et al. [23] showed that the administration of cyclosporine leads to Gordon syndrome-like symptoms such as pNCC elevation, hyperkalemia, and hypertension. Therefore, one can speculate that inhibition of NCX1 leading to inhibition of CaN could potentially cause Gordon syndrome-like symptoms. However, to verify the role of CaN and NCX1 in the pathogenesis of Gordon syndrome, suppressing NCX1 for a relatively long period is necessary. Although mutations of Cul3, KLHL3, and WNKs are known as the cause of Gordon syndrome, the NCX–CaN–NCC regulation system is independent of the Cul3–KLHL3–WNK regulation cascade. Further investigation is required to evaluate whether the NCX1–CaN–NCC regulation system is related to Gordon syndrome. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of Gordon syndrome caused by mutations in NCX1 or CaN.

NCX1 is expressed in various tissues; therefore, future studies should determine whether our novel finding (i.e., a high- K+-induced Ca2+ influx via the NCX1 reverse-mode) is observable in other tissues, e.g., considering the high NCX1 expression in the heart [64], the involvement of NCX1 in high-K+-induced arrhythmia should be investigated. An association between NCX1 mutations and certain diseases (including QT prolongation [65, 66] and Kawasaki disease [67]) has recently been suggested. Studies should investigate the presence of urinary K+ excretion abnormalities in response to an acute K+ load in such patients.

Herein, we discovered that NCX1, in addition to CaN, is important for rapid NCC dephosphorylation in response to K+ load in the kidney. Depolarization of cells reverses the mode of NCX function, leading to Ca2+ influx into the cells. The increased [Ca2+]in activates CaN, leading to rapid NCC dephosphorylation. This mechanism is involved in urinary K+ excretion in the acute phase of K+ intake.

Positions of Ca2+-binding sites in calcineurin B.

A Ca2+-binding-deficient CaN-B mutant was constructed using site-directed mutagenesis. Glutamic acid (E) in the 12th position of the 1st and 2nd EF-hand Ca2+-binding sites (shown in red characters) was replaced with lysine (K).

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Confirmation of phospho-specific-Ste20-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) antibody in HEK293 cells.

Immunoblots of phosphorylated SPAK in HEK293 cells with SPAK siRNA silencing and the negative control (siNeg). The disappearance of bands from cell lysates with SPAK siRNA silencing confirms the specificity of the antibody (shown with arrows).

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Image of the ex vivo kidney slice experiment system.

Kidneys were sliced into sections of <0.5 mm thickness. All solutions were continuously bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Details are described in the Materials and Methods section.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Intracellular [Cl−] analysis after high-K+ administration (n = 4).

Intracellular [Cl−] was analyzed using the Cl−-sensing dye MQAE. High-K+ administration of 10 mM K+ did not show a significant change in intracellular [Cl−] compared with normal K+ administration of 3 mM K+. *represents significant differences at p <0.05 using an unpaired t-test. NK, normal potassium; HK, high potassium.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was not inhibited by treatment with thapsigargin in mouse kidney slices ex vivo.

(left) Representative immunoblots of mouse kidney slices with 100 μM thapsigargin. The high-K+-induced reduction in the level of phosphorylated NCC was not inhibited in thapsigargin treatment. (right) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC ratio in dot plots (n = 6). *p <0.05 by Tukey’s test after two-way ANOVA. NK, normal potassium; HK, high potassium. n.s., not significant.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Colocalization of NCX1 and NCC in a mouse kidney.

Double immunofluorescence of total NCC (green) and NCX1 (red) in mouse kidneys. NCC and NCX1 were co-localized in the distal convoluted tubule. Scale bars: 50 μm.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Evaluation of the effect of Ca2+ channel blockers on K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation and Ca2+ influx.

A. Evaluation of high-K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells treated with 1 μM nifedipine, 1 μM mibefradil, and 100 μM NiCl2. Normal K+ and high K+ are 3 mM and 10 mM, respectively. (right) Representative immunoblots. Although NiCl2 inhibited K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation, mibefradil and nifedipine did not. (right) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC ratio in dot plots (n = 6). *represents significant differences at p <0.05 using Tukey’s test after a multiple-way ANOVA. NiCl2, nickel chloride; NK, normal potassium; HK, high potassium; n.s., not significant. B. The influx of Ca2+ after high- K+ stimulation in mibefradil treatment in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells. (left) Representative images of Fluo 4 intensity 30 s after K+ administration. K+ (10 mM final concentration) was added to Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells 1 h after mibefradil treatment. The increased Fluo 4 fluorescence intensity following addition of K+ was not inhibited by mibefradil treatment. Scale bars, 20 μm. (right) Representative time-course of Fluo 4 fluorescence intensity. The x and y axes indicate time and Fluo 4 fluorescence intensity, respectively.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

The inhibitory effect of SEA0400 on K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation was recovered by overexpression of SEA0400-insensitive mutant NCX1.

(left) Representative immunoblots of total and phosphorylated NCC in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells overexpressing an NCX1 mutant (F213L) and wild-type NCX1. The inhibition of K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation with SEA0400 treatment was recovered in the cells overexpressing F213L NCX1. NK, normal potassium (K+ 3 mM); HK, high potassium (K+ 10 mM). (right) Quantitative analysis of the total and phosphorylated NCC ratio in column graphs (n = 6). *p < 0.05 by Tukey’s test after two-way ANOVA.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

mRNA and protein expression of sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) 1 in Flp-In sodium–chloride cotransporter (NCC) HEK293 cells after siRNA silencing.

Relative mRNA expression of NCX1 in Flp-In NCC HEK293 cells following NCX1 siRNA silencing was significantly decreased compared with that in cells with negative control siRNA. n = 6. Means ± standard errors of the mean. *represents significant differences at p <0.05 using an unpaired t-test.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Representative immunofluorescence images of sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) 1 and calbindin.

Confirmation of the localization of NCX1 and calbindin in wild-type mouse kidney. Red: NCX1, Green: calbindin. Scale bars indicate 50 μm and 200 μm in high and low magnification images, respectively.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Rapid NCC dephosphorylation following a high-K+ load was not significant in sodium–calcium exchanger (NCX) 1+/− knockout (KO) mice.

(left) Immunoblots of total NCC and phosphorylated NCC in NCX+/− KO mice and wild-type mice. A rapid decrease in the level of phosphorylated NCC after K+ administration was not evident in NCX+/− KO mice. (right) Quantitative analysis of total and phosphorylated NCC in NCX+/− KO mice shown in column graphs (n = 3). * represents significant differences at p <0.05 using an unpaired t-test.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Cumulative Ca2+ excretion in wild-type mice following K+ administration.

Urinary Ca2+ excretion was not different between mice administered high K+ and those administered normal K+ (n = 6). Means ± SEM. *p <0.05 by unpaired t-test at each time point.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

Electrophysiological calculation analysis of sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) 1 driving force in mouse distal convoluted tubule cells at a variety of K+ concentrations.

NCX drives in forward-mode and reverse-mode under low- and high-K+ conditions, respectively. ENCx, driving force of NCX.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.

14 Apr 2020

PONE-D-19-36071

Sodium–calcium exchanger 1 is the key molecule for urinary potassium excretion against acute hyperkalemia

PLOS ONE

Dear Mr. Nomura,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process. As you will see, Reviewer 1 would appreciate more physiological information in your in vivo studies, Reviewer 2 asks questions about the suitability of your in vivo model using a NCX-1 inhibitor. Reviewer 3, although generally supportive of your manuscript, has several concerns regarding the presentation of your results and the choice of some parameters.

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by May 29 2020 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

To enhance the reproducibility of your results, we recommend that if applicable you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io, where a protocol can be assigned its own identifier (DOI) such that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.

A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.

An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

Please note while forming your response, if your article is accepted, you may have the opportunity to make the peer review history publicly available. The record will include editor decision letters (with reviews) and your responses to reviewer comments. If eligible, we will contact you to opt in or out.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Jean-Claude Dussaule

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Journal Requirements:

When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements.

Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf and

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf

1. PLOS ONE now requires that authors provide the original uncropped and unadjusted images underlying all blot or gel results reported in a submission’s figures or Supporting Information files. This policy and the journal’s other requirements for blot/gel reporting and figure preparation are described in detail at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/figures#loc-blot-and-gel-reporting-requirements and https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/figures#loc-preparing-figures-from-image-files. When you submit your revised manuscript, please ensure that your figures adhere fully to these guidelines and provide the original underlying images for all blot or gel data reported in your submission. See the following link for instructions on providing the original image data: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/figures#loc-original-images-for-blots-and-gels.

In your cover letter, please note whether your blot/gel image data are in Supporting Information or posted at a public data repository, provide the repository URL if relevant, and provide specific details as to which raw blot/gel images, if any, are not available. Email us at plosone@plos.org if you have any questions.

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: I Don't Know

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

**********

5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: The study by Wakana Shoda et al. describes the role of the Na/Ca-exchanger 1 and of calcineurin in the K+-dependent inhibition of NCC (through dephosphorylation). They first confirm previous results showing that calcineurin dephosphorylates NCC and then complete this observation by showing that increase of intracellular Ca is a requirement for this effect. Then they show, in vivo and ex vivo (on kidney slices) that NCX1 inhibition alters the adaptation to acute K load by maintaining NCC in its phosphorylated state. The data presented support the conclusion and few points coild be added to improve the manuscript.

1/ The authors should clearly mention in the figure legends the concentrations of K+ they used in the conditions Normal and High K. Could you also comment on why you choose 10 mM KCl for the study on cells ?

2/ Could you include the expression of NCX1 in HEK cells that are depicted in the Supplemental Information S6 into the Fig 3, do you have a western blot in addition to the PCR ?

3/ The modification of activity of NCC, in vivo, is only related to its phosphorylation state (Figure 6 and 7). A test of thiazide sensitivity after SEA0400 and K treatment could be helpful to strengthen the idea that SEA0400 interfere with NCC activity in vivo. The Supplemental information 11 and 12 are the same figures, please include the urine Na and Cl excretion in the figure 7 to outline that the treatment with NCX1 inhibitor leads to Na retention.

4/Could you provide plasma aldosterone concentration for the 4 groups of treated mice? If NCC is not inhibited as it should in the case of NCX1 inhibition + K loading, which induces hypekalemia, and decrease of K and Na excretion, the mice should be hypertensive. I invite the authors to measure the BP of their mice because they may have here a model of Gordon syndrome (fHHt). The authors should discuss the possibility of CaN and NCX1 to participate to this disease.

Reviewer #2: The manuscript entitled « sodium-calcium exchanger 1 is a key molecule for urinary potassium excretion against acute hyperkalemia » by Wakana Shoda et al. shows that NCX1 is a key regulator of urine potassium excretion in response to increased (serum/extracellular) potassium levels, promoting the activation of calcineurin and downstream NCC dephosphorylation. Interestingly, thapsigargin inhibiting calcium release from ER did not inhibit NCC dephophorylation, suggesting that only the calcium flux from extracellular space was involved in the response to potassium load. Of note, cells were exposed in vitro to very high potassium levels (10mM), this is understandable but makes in vivo models indispensable to confirm the in vitro experiments.

In vitro studies are well designed and the concept is very interesting.

Main concern: in vivo studies are based upon pharmacological inhibition of NCX1. A model of acute potassium load in NCX-1 knock-out (heterozygous) mice would be more convincing. These mice seem to be available in Japan.

Minor concerns

Page 6: “In our previous study, we observed that the CaN inhibitor, tacrolimus....”: reference 22 seems inappropriate. Did the authors mean to reference 17 ?

Page 23: reference 47 seems inappropriate too

Reviewer #3: The manuscript PONE-D-19-36071, entitled ‘Sodium–calcium exchanger 1 is the key molecule for urinary potassium excretion against acute hyperkalemia’, by Shoda and co-authors, describes the characterisation of the crucial role played by the Na-Ca exchanger NCX1 in the regulation of the activity of the Na-Cl cotransporter NCC in the distal nephron during a K-load.

Overall, the results described here support the hypotheses and the conclusions drawn. However, I have the following comments.

Major comments:

Material and Methods – Animal experiment : why were the kidneys collected 15 minutes after the oral K gavage for protein extraction? The metabolic data were collected every 30 minutes after the oral gavage. Why is it different?

Results :

(1) Figure 1 : Calcineurin is essential for K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation

- I don’t understand the result and relevance of the experiment describing the consequence of the overexpression of CaN-A on NCC phosphorylation. How could CaN-A work without CaN-B, which is barely expressed in HEK293 cells, as explained by the authors in the next paragraph?

Conversely, why did the authors overexpress CaN-A when transfecting CaN-B is sufficient to induce NCC dephosphorylation (Fig 1B)?

(2) Figure 2D: why did the authors quantify pNCC-S71 in kidney slices and mice rather than NCC-p53, used in vitro?

In addition, the figures would be easier to read if the system in which the experiments are conducted were indicated on the figure.

(3) Figure S11: why did the authors quantify the pNCC/tNCC ratio rather than pNCC and tNCC separately like in the other experiments?

(4) Table 2: ‘Blood K+ level at 120 min following a high-K+ load was significantly higher in SEA0400-treated mice than in vehicle-treated counterparts (Table 2)’.

In their previous study, using tacrolimus to inhibit calcineurin, the authors did not observe a change in plasma potassium in tacrolimus-treated animals even though NCC dephosphorylation was inhibited. Could the authors comment on the difference in plasma K between tacrolimus- and SEA0400-treated animals?

(5) Have the authors studied the role of NCX1 after a longer exposure to high K ?

Minor comments:

- Abstract : the authors should remove the following sentence, which is not at the correct place : ‘The mice were housed in metabolic cages for urine sample collection’.

- Introduction, page 6 : the reference’s number in the following sentence is incorrect: ‘In our previous study, we observed that the CaN inhibitor, tacrolimus, …urinary K+ excretion in the acute phase[22]’. The authors should check all the other references’ number.

- Results: Figures 3 and 5 should be merged.

**********

6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: Yes: Juliette Hadchouel

[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files to be viewed.]

While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.

Submitted filename: For the editor - PONE-D-19-36071.pdf

Click here for additional data file.

Submitted filename: Comments for authors PONE-D-19-36071.pdf

Click here for additional data file.

23 May 2020

Reviewer #1: The study by Wakana Shoda et al. describes the role of the Na/Ca-exchanger 1 and of calcineurin in the K+-dependent inhibition of NCC (through dephosphorylation). They first confirm previous results showing that calcineurin dephosphorylates NCC and then complete this observation by showing that increase of intracellular Ca is a requirement for this effect. Then they show, in vivo and ex vivo (on kidney slices) that NCX1 inhibition alters the adaptation to acute K load by maintaining NCC in its phosphorylated state. The data presented support the conclusion and few points coild be added to improve the manuscript.

1. The authors should clearly mention in the figure legends the concentrations of K+ they used in the conditions Normal and High K. Could you also comment on why you choose 10 mM KCl for the study on cells?

Thank you for this important suggestion. We added information about the K+ concentrations to each figure legend.

The K+ concentration for the high K+ treatment was chosen based on a previous study [1]. These authors demonstrated that 5 mmol/L of extracellular [K+] as a control was already high enough for suppression of NCC phosphorylation. We tested 5, 7, and 10 mM K+ solutions as options for high K+ for HEK cells in our preliminary experiments, and we found that a comparison between K+ 3 mM and K+ 10 mM was best to see differences in NCC dephosphorylation. Therefore, we chose 3 mM K+ as the control and 10 mM K+ as the high K solution. We have added this information to the Materials and Methods section (P 9, L 1).

2. Could you include the expression of NCX1 in HEK cells that are depicted in the Supplemental Information S6 into the Fig 3, do you have a western blot in addition to the PCR ?

Thank you for this comment. In our previous manuscript, we showed a Western blot which demonstrated the expression of NCX1 in HEK cells in Previous Fig S9. NCX1 specific bands were confirmed using siRNA silencing. We have integrated the RT–PCR and Western blotting data for NCX1 into a revised Fig 3A.

3. The modification of activity of NCC, in vivo, is only related to its phosphorylation state (Figure 6 and 7). A test of thiazide sensitivity after SEA0400 and K treatment could be helpful to strengthen the idea that SEA0400 interfere with NCC activity in vivo. The Supplemental information 11 and 12 are the same figures, please include the urine Na and Cl excretion in the figure 7 to outline that the treatment with NCX1 inhibitor leads to Na retention.

We sincerely apologize for uploading S11 Fig. and S12 Fig. as duplicate information. We have corrected the mistake and included urine Na and Cl excretion in Figure 7 following the kind instruction of Reviewer #1.

As for the thiazide test, we hypothesized that the response to thiazide should be suppressed by high-K-induced NCC dephosphorylation, whereas the response to thiazide should be maintained after SEA0400 treatment because SEA0400 inhibits K-induced NCC dephosphorylation. We have preliminary data to support the hypothesis. However, we have not had enough time to perform additional experiments during a situation where there are some restrictions on conducting experiments. We have shown the preliminary data in this response letter. The response to thiazide was quite blunted after acute K load (urinary K and Na excretion control vs. TZD in the vehicle group). Compared with this blunted response, the response to thiazide was larger in the SEA0400-treated group (R1 Fig.). This result indicates that the suppression of NCC activity after exposure to the K load was inhibited by the SEA0400 treatment.

4. Could you provide plasma aldosterone concentration for the 4 groups of treated mice? If NCC is not inhibited as it should in the case of NCX1 inhibition + K loading, which induces hypekalemia, and decrease of K and Na excretion, the mice should be hypertensive. I invite the authors to measure the BP of their mice because they may have here a model of Gordon syndrome (fHHt). The authors should discuss the possibility of CaN and NCX1 to participate to this disease.

Thank you for the important comment. We agree that a discussion about aldosterone and blood pressure is important. However, our institution is now in emergency response to COVID-19 and is not permitting new animal experiments to be conducted. We are very sorry about this. Alternatively, we would like to briefly comment about aldosterone and blood pressure.

As for aldosterone, the acute NCC dephosphorylation after exposure to the K load is believed to be independent of aldosterone. Sorensen et al. [2] showed that plasma aldosterone levels were not significantly increased 15 min after oral KCl gavage. They also showed that K-induced NCC dephosphorylation was observed in aldosterone synthase knockout mice as well [2]. Therefore, we believe that the mechanism of K-induced acute NCC dephosphorylation, in which NCX1 and calcineurin are involved, is independent of the aldosterone system. Based on these observations, we have added some information to the Introduction (P6.L5).

As for the evaluation of blood pressure, it is possible that NCX1 suppression led to the increase in blood pressure. Indeed, previous studies have shown that the administration of calcineurin inhibitors led to hypertension after several days [3,4]. According to these previous studies, to verify whether NCX1 suppression can increase blood pressure, it is necessary to suppress NCX1 for a relatively long period. However, in the present study, we are focusing on the acute phase after increased K load, because we know that a chronic K load induces a more complicated physiological response. Therefore, the evaluation of blood pressure may not be suitable in the present study.

As for the participation of NCX1 and CaN in the pathogenesis of Gordon syndrome, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports to show that the mutation of NCX1 or CaN causes Gordon syndrome. Mutations of Cul3, KLHL3, or WNKs are known as the causes of Gordon syndrome. The NCX-CaN-NCC regulation system is independent of the Cul3-KLHL3-WNK regulation cascade, as we demonstrated. Further investigation is required to evaluate whether the NCX1-CaN-NCC regulation system is related to Gordon syndrome. We have accordingly added some information in the Discussion to highlight these points (P34, L9).

References:

1. Penton D, Czogalla J, Wengi A, Himmerkus N, Loffing-Cueni D, Carrel M, et al. Extracellular K(+) rapidly controls NCC phosphorylation in native DCT by Cl(-) -dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Physiol. 2016.

2. Sorensen MV, Grossmann S, Roesinger M, Gresko N, Todkar AP, Barmettler G, et al. Rapid dephosphorylation of the renal sodium chloride cotransporter in response to oral potassium intake in mice. Kidney Int. 2013;83(5):811-24.

3. Hoorn EJ, Walsh SB, McCormick JA, Fürstenberg A, Yang CL, Roeschel T, et al. The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus activates the renal sodium chloride cotransporter to cause hypertension. Nat Med. 2011;17(10):1304-9.

4. Melnikov S, Mayan H, Uchida S, Holtzman EJ, Farfel Z. Cyclosporine metabolic side effects: association with the WNK4 system. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011;41(10):1113-20.

Reviewer #2: The manuscript entitled « sodium-calcium exchanger 1 is a key molecule for urinary potassium excretion against acute hyperkalemia » by Wakana Shoda et al. shows that NCX1 is a key regulator of urine potassium excretion in response to increased (serum/extracellular) potassium levels, promoting the activation of calcineurin and downstream NCC dephosphorylation. Interestingly, thapsigargin inhibiting calcium release from ER did not inhibit NCC dephophorylation, suggesting that only the calcium flux from extracellular space was involved in the response to potassium load. Of note, cells were exposed in vitro to very high potassium levels (10mM), this is understandable but makes in vivo models indispensable to confirm the in vitro experiments.

In vitro studies are well designed and the concept is very interesting.

Main concern: in vivo studies are based upon pharmacological inhibition of NCX1. A model of acute potassium load in NCX-1 knock-out (heterozygous) mice would be more convincing. These mice seem to be available in Japan.

Thank you for the insightful comment. We tested NCX1+/− KO mice (P28. L3) and found that NCX1 expression is approximately 50% of that reported in wild-type mice. In NCX1+/− KO mice, K-induced NCC dephosphorylation was significantly suppressed (revised S11 Fig.). We believe that this result supports our findings. However, verification is needed by conducting further experiments with kidney-specific NCX1 knockout mice.

Minor concerns

Page 6: “In our previous study, we observed that the CaN inhibitor, tacrolimus....”: reference 22 seems inappropriate. Did the authors mean to reference 17 ?

Page 23: reference 47 seems inappropriate too.

We sincerely apologize for the incorrect citations. We have checked all the reference numbers and corrected them.

Reviewer #3: The manuscript PONE-D-19-36071, entitled ‘Sodium–calcium exchanger 1 is the key molecule for urinary potassium excretion against acute hyperkalemia’, by Shoda and co-authors, describes the characterisation of the crucial role played by the Na-Ca exchanger NCX1 in the regulation of the activity of the Na-Cl cotransporter NCC in the distal nephron during a K-load.

Overall, the results described here support the hypotheses and the conclusions drawn. However, I have the following comments.

Major comments:

Material and Methods – Animal experiment : why were the kidneys collected 15 minutes after the oral K gavage for protein extraction? The metabolic data were collected every 30 minutes after the oral gavage. Why is it different?

We collected kidneys 15 min after K administration to avoid the effects of aldosterone and other secondary effects. The regulation of NCC dephosphorylation could be different between acute and chronic K load, as described in the Introduction section (P6, L5). As for the metabolic data, previously, Sorensen et al. [1] showed that K-induced dephosphorylation of NCC continued until 2 h after K-load. Therefore, we followed urine data until 2 h after K administration. We collected urine every 30 min because 15 min is too short a period to collect urine for mice.

Results :

(1) Figure 1 : Calcineurin is essential for K+-induced NCC dephosphorylation

- I don’t understand the result and relevance of the experiment describing the consequence of the overexpression of CaN-A on NCC phosphorylation. How could CaN-A work without CaN-B, which is barely expressed in HEK293 cells, as explained by the authors in the next paragraph?

Conversely, why did the authors overexpress CaN-A when transfecting CaN-B is sufficient to induce NCC dephosphorylation (Fig 1B)?

Thank you for the insightful comments. Fig. 1A was intended to show the importance of the activity of CaN to dephosphorylate NCC using “constitutively active CaN-A (CA-CaN-A).” CA-CaN-A is an active form of CaN, which was designed to be a truncated form of the catalytic Aα subunit and lacks the autoinhibitory domain, meaning that CA-CaN-A is always active even without CaN-B. Details of the explanation are described in Reference 25, which is cited in the Material and Methods (P8, L1).

Overexpression of CaN-B is sufficient to induce K-induced NCC dephosphorylation. We overexpressed CaN-A to try to demonstrate the involvement of CaN.

(2) Figure 2D: why did the authors quantify pNCC-S71 in kidney slices and mice rather than NCC-p53, used in vitro?

Thank you for the comment. We used primary antibodies against both Ser71 and Thr53 to quantify pNCC. Previously, Pacheco-Alvarez et al. [2] reported that both Thr53 and Ser71 sites are critical for NCC regulation. Because both Thr53 and Ser71 are critical phosphorylation sites, many other reports have also evaluated NCC activity by using Ser71 and Thr53 phosphorylation site-specific NCC antibodies [1,3]. They showed that each phosphor-NCC antibody was useful to evaluate NCC activities. Therefore, we used the Ser71 antibody for mouse kidneys and Thr53 antibody for HEK293 cells because these antibodies were useful to detect phopho-NCC specific bands in each case.

- In addition, the figures would be easier to read if the system in which the experiments are conducted were indicated on the figure.

Thank you for your kind suggestion. We have added a figure of the sliced kidney ex-vivo experiment system in revised S3 Fig.

(3) Figure S11: why did the authors quantify the pNCC/tNCC ratio rather than pNCC and tNCC separately like in the other experiments?

Thank you for the comment. Phosphorylated NCC is an active form of NCC. The pNCC/tNCC ratio is a more suitable parameter to evaluate NCC activity than pNCC/actin. In many previous studies [4-6], the pNCC/tNCC ratio was used to address NCC activity. In the present study, we have shown both the pNCC/tNCC ratio and tNCC/actin ratio. However, the tNCC/actin data was missing from the previous S11 Fig. Therefore, we have added tNCC/actin to the revised S11 Fig.

(4) Table 2: ‘Blood K+ level at 120 min following a high-K+ load was significantly higher in SEA0400-treated mice than in vehicle-treated counterparts (Table 2)’.

In their previous study, using tacrolimus to inhibit calcineurin, the authors did not observe a change in plasma potassium in tacrolimus-treated animals even though NCC dephosphorylation was inhibited. Could the authors comment on the difference in plasma K between tacrolimus- and SEA0400-treated animals?

Thank you for the important comment. In our previous study, we analyzed the plasma K level at 90 min after a K load [7]. There was no significant difference in the plasma K level between tacrolimus-treated mice and control mice. Nevertheless, the plasma K level in tacrolimus-treated mice tended to be higher than that in control mice: the plasma K levels in the tacrolimus group and the vehicle group were 6.83 ± 0.50 and 6.23 ± 0.49 [mean ± SEM], respectively, P = 0.2, N = 7). In this study, we tested the plasma K level at 120 min following a high-K load and found that the plasma K level was significantly higher in the SEA0400-treated mice than in the vehicle-treated mice. If we had tested the plasma K level in tacrolimus-tested mice at 120 min, then we would have seen that the plasma K levels in the tacrolimus-treated mice were significantly higher than in the control mice.

(5) Have the authors studied the role of NCX1 after a longer exposure to high K ?

Thank you for the insightful comment. A chronic K load experiment could be more informative. However, the mechanism of NCC regulation with a chronic K load is more complicated than that after an acute K load. As we described in the Introduction (P5, L15), it is necessary to consider the acute and chronic phases separately to understand the effect of high K intake on NCC regulation. In this study, we did not examine the role of NCX1 after a longer exposure to high K. We focused on the acute regulation of NCC phosphorylation.

Minor comments:

- Abstract : the authors should remove the following sentence, which is not at the correct place : ‘The mice were housed in metabolic cages for urine sample collection’.

Thank you for the kind suggestion. We have removed the sentence as suggested.

- Introduction, page 6 : the reference’s number in the following sentence is incorrect: ‘In our previous study, we observed that the CaN inhibitor, tacrolimus, …urinary K+ excretion in the acute phase[22]’. The authors should check all the other references’ number.

We sincerely apologize for the incorrect citations. We have checked all the reference numbers and corrected them.

- Results: Figures 3 and 5 should be merged.

Thank you for your helpful comment. We have merged the previous Figure 3 and Figure 5 into a revised Figure 3 according to your instruction. We have revised the previous Figure 5 as Figure 3D.

References:

1. Sorensen MV, Grossmann S, Roesinger M, Gresko N, Todkar AP, Barmettler G, et al. Rapid dephosphorylation of the renal sodium chloride cotransporter in response to oral potassium intake in mice. Kidney Int. 2013;83(5):811-24.

2. Pacheco-Alvarez D, Cristóbal PS, Meade P, Moreno E, Vazquez N, Muñoz E, et al. The Na+:Cl- cotransporter is activated and phosphorylated at the amino-terminal domain upon intracellular chloride depletion. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(39):28755-63.

3. Kikuchi E, Mori T, Zeniya M, Isobe K, Ishigami-Yuasa M, Fujii S, et al. Discovery of Novel SPAK Inhibitors That Block WNK Kinase Signaling to Cation Chloride Transporters. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(7):1525-36.

4. Ferdaus MZ, Barber KW, López-Cayuqueo KI, Terker AS, Argaiz ER, Gassaway BM, et al. SPAK and OSR1 play essential roles in potassium homeostasis through actions on the distal convoluted tubule. J Physiol. 2016;594(17):4945-66.

5. Lazelle RA, McCully BH, Terker AS, Himmerkus N, Blankenstein KI, Mutig K, et al. Renal Deletion of 12 kDa FK506-Binding Protein Attenuates Tacrolimus-Induced Hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(5):1456-64.

6. Nomura N, Shoda W, Wang Y, Mandai S, Furusho T, Takahashi D, et al. Role of ClC-K and barttin in low potassium-induced sodium chloride cotransporter activation and hypertension in mouse kidney. Biosci Rep. 2018;38(1).

7. Shoda W, Nomura N, Ando F, Mori Y, Mori T, Sohara E, et al. Calcineurin inhibitors block sodium-chloride cotransporter dephosphorylation in response to high potassium intake. Kidney Int. 2017;91(2):402-11.

15 Jun 2020

Sodium–calcium exchanger 1 is the key molecule for urinary potassium excretion against acute hyperkalemia

PONE-D-19-36071R1

Dear Dr. Nomura,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you’ll receive an e-mail detailing the required amendments. When these have been addressed, you’ll receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will be scheduled for publication.

An invoice for payment will follow shortly after the formal acceptance. To ensure an efficient process, please log into Editorial Manager at http://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the 'Update My Information' link at the top of the page, and double check that your user information is up-to-date. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to help maximize its impact. If they’ll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team as soon as possible -- no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

Kind regards,

Jean-Claude Dussaule

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #3: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: I Don't Know

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

Reviewer #3: (No Response)

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: Yes: Juliette Hadchouel

18 Jun 2020

PONE-D-19-36071R1

Sodium–calcium exchanger 1 is the key molecule for urinary potassium excretion against acute hyperkalemia

Dear Dr. Nomura:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

If we can help with anything else, please email us at plosone@plos.org.

Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE and supporting open access.

Kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Dr. Jean-Claude Dussaule

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE