SARS-CoV-2 Does Not Replicate in Aedes Mosquito Cells nor Present in Field-Caught Mosquitoes from Wuhan.

Dear Editor,

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of COVID-19, is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that first discovered in December 2019 from a seafood market in Wuhan, China (Zhou et al. 2020). This novel coronavirus causes severe respiratory illness in humans, and a pandemic has been declared due to its worldwide spread.

Since early in the outbreak, several studies have been conducted with the aim of identifying all the possible ways through which the virus can be transmitted. Presently, respiratory droplets and human contact are considered the main transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 (Jin et al. 2020). Moreover, several cases of person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, especially among healthcare workers (Chan et al. 2020). At present, SARS-CoV-2 has been genetically linked closely to bats (BatCoV RaTG13) as its origin (Zhang et al. 2020; Zhou et al. 2020), and pangolins (Pangolin-CoV) as the intermediate host of the virus, may facilitate the virus transfer to human (Xiao et al. 2020). However, additional research studies should be conducted to fully identify all the possible routes of transmission of this virus.

Worldwide, mosquitoes are identified as highly effective vectors in transmitting various human and animal pathogens. Aedes albopictus C6/36 and Aedes aegypti Aag2 cells are utilized primarily in virological studies due to their high degree of susceptibility. Indeed, Tettnang Virus—a coronavirus, has successfully been isolated from Aedes cantans mosquitoes in Czechoslovakia (Kozuch et al. 1979). Additionally, efficient replication of human enteric coronavirus (HEC) has been observed in the Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell line (Luby et al. 1999). Furthermore, among the common clinical features of SARS-CoV-2, some of the affected patients exhibited clinical gastrointestinal symptoms (Wang et al. 2020), thus implying that there might be similarity between this novel coronavirus and HEC viruses that affect the human intestinal tract. Presently, there are myths that mosquitoes might potentially carry or spread SARS-CoV-2, more so with the impending summer season approaching the mosquito breeding rate will be high. Hence, we aimed to investigate the infectivity range of SARS-CoV-2 in Aedes mosquito cell lines and the presence of the virus in the filed collected mosquitoes.

Four types of cell lines (Vero E6, C6/36, Aag2, and Sf9) were inoculated with a SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate (nCoV-2019BetaCoV/Wuhan/WIV04/2019) at an MOI of 0.1, 0.001 or 0.00001 (3 replicates per group) alongside an uninfected negative control group. On the basis of previously conducted studies demonstrated that monkey kidney cell lines are particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV infection (Ksiazek et al. 2003; Zhou et al. 2020), we utilized Vero E6 cells as a positive control. Aliquots (200 µL) from the supernatant were sampled at 0 h after inoculation and lysed in ACL buffer (Qiagen). Supernatants were collected every 24 h interval up to day 7 post inoculation (p.i.). Cells were viewed daily under a microscope, and the occurrence of cytopathic effect (CPE) was recorded.

SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cells produced CPE starting from day 2 p.i., as all the different MOI cultures had attained the highest titer, 109 copies/mL (Fig. 1A). The CPE was focal, with cell rounding soon followed by cell detachment, and most of the cells died at day 7 p.i.. In contrast, C6/36, Aag2 and Sf9 cells did not produce a SARS-CoV-2-specific CPE up to day 7 p.i. (Supplementary Figure S1). Quantitative RT-PCR analysis established that there was no viral replication in these three insect cell lines (P > 0.05) per the titer load (Fig. 1A). This result was also confirmed through an indirect immunofluorescence assay (see supplementary methods for details about the assay), which established active viral NP protein expression in the Vero E6 cell lines, whereas there was no expression in mosquito C6/36, Aag2 and Sf9 cells (Fig. 1B). In addition, no CPE was observed when the supernatant harvested at day 7 p.i. from C6/36, Aag2, and Sf9 cells was reinoculated back into Vero E6 cells.

Fig. 1

Replication of SARS-CoV-2 in different cell lines and field mosquitoes collected. A SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies detected in Vero E6 cells, C6/36 cells, Aag2 cells, and Sf9 cells evaluated using qRT-PCR at different time points after innoculation. Each cell line was repeated three times. B Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to detect the NP protein of SARS-CoV-2 in the four tested cell lines at 36 h post-inoculation. Bars, 100 µm. C Location of mosquito trap sites in the region of Wuhan City, China. Black dots stand for the 13 administrative districts of Wuhan, and Red triangles are the mosquito collection sites.

To detect whether field mosquitoes contain SARS-CoV-2, a total of 1165 Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from various sites with different habitat containing urban residential, hospital and scenic area, and farm in rural region of Wuhan during April and May in 2020 (119 mosquitoes from a residential area close to Huanan seafood market, 73 from East Lake region, 104 from First People’s Hospital of Jiangxia District, and 235 from Huoshenshan Hospital region, 634 from pig farm in Huangpi District) (Fig. 1C and Supplementary Table S1). The mosquitoes were taxonomically classified and thereafter divided into 58 pools, including 884 Culex and 281 Anopheles mosquitoes (Supplementary Table S1). The SARS-CoV-2 specific qRT-PCR detection assay determined that all the tested mosquito pools were negative for the virus (see supplementary methods for details about the assay).

Mosquito-borne viruses infect both susceptible vertebrate hosts and mosquitoes. For a mosquito to be considered a competent vector of a virus, the virus should be able to infect and pass through the midgut barrier and be disseminated to the salivary glands (Franz et al. 2015; Huang et al. 2019). Moreover, a virus need appropriate receptors in the respective cells to establish successful infection. Several studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its receptor to enter cells (Zhou et al. 2020). In some susceptible vertebrate hosts, ACE2 is expressed mainly on the outer surface of cells in the lungs, arteries, heart, kidneys, and intestines (Donoghue et al. 2000; Hamming et al. 2004). In mammals, ACE has a key role in regulating the levels of several circulating peptides. ACE has been described in insects such as Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles stephensi, but its actual function in these insects is still unclear (Isaac et al. 1998; Ekbote et al. 1999). Therefore, it is crucial that the actual role of ACE in insects needs to be investigated further. Herein, we did not conduct an in vivo mosquito vector competence study on SARS-CoV-2, which we consider as one caveat of this study.

In this study, we conclude that SARS-CoV-2 does not replicate in Aedes cells C6/36 and Aag2 in vitro nor present in the field collected Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes, thus supporting that mosquitoes cannot spread SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, mosquitoes do not pose a threat regarding the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 425 kb)