Phosphoproteome Response to Dithiothreitol Reveals Unique Versus Shared Features of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Stress Responses.

To cope with sudden changes in the external environment, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae orchestrates a multifaceted response that spans many levels of physiology. Several studies have interrogated the transcriptome response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the role of regulators such as the Ire1 kinase and Hac1 transcription factors. However, less is known about responses to ER stress at other levels of physiology. Here, we used quantitative phosphoproteomics and computational network inference to uncover the yeast phosphoproteome response to the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) and the upstream signaling network that controls it. We profiled wild-type cells and mutants lacking IRE1 or MAPK kinases MKK1 and MKK2, before and at various times after DTT treatment. In addition to revealing downstream targets of these kinases, our inference approach predicted new regulators in the DTT response, including cell-cycle regulator Cdc28 and osmotic-response kinase Rck2, which we validated computationally. Our results also revealed similarities and surprising differences in responses to different stress conditions, especially in the response of protein kinase A targets. These results have implications for the breadth of signaling programs that can give rise to common stress response signatures.