The immunotherapy revolution in genitourinary malignancies.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and therapeutic cancer vaccines have continued to demonstrate survival benefit and durable clinical response in patients with renal cell cancer, prostate cancer and bladder cancer, with limited responses in testicular cancer. The role of immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy or other targeted therapies in the neo-adjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic setting is actively being explored. We describe the current immunotherapy-related treatment modalities approved for genitourinary cancers, focusing on immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines and other modalities, and highlight ongoing studies involving immunotherapy in these cancer types.