Cheng Cao1, Mengqiu Liu2, Suchen Qu3, Renjie Huang4, Mingzhu Qi5, Ziqiang Zhu6, Jiani Zheng7, Zhichun Chen8, Zhikang Wang9, Zhengxiang Han10, Yue Zhu11, Fei Huang12, Jin-Ao Duan13. 1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: cc930406@163.com. 2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: lmq960822@163.com. 3. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: qsc15190968158@163.com. 4. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: nzyhrj@163.com. 5. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: 15077868613@163.com. 6. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: zzq1885055@163.com. 7. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: zjn18252058511@163.com. 8. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: chenzhichun0519@163.com. 9. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: wzk18861304064@163.com. 10. Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Shanghai Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: hanxiang798007@163.com. 11. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: zhuyue@njucm.edu.cn. 12. Department of Endocrinology, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Su Zhou, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: szhuangfei@126.com. 13. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nan Jing, Jiangsu Province, China. Electronic address: dja@njucm.edu.cn.
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Kai-Xin-San (KXS) has been prescribed by TCM doctors for treating psychiatric diseases with the core symptoms of anhedonia, amnesia, and dizziness. According to the symptoms of patients, KXS series formulae are created by varying the compatible ratio of herbs. Today, these formulae are still used in the clinic to treat major depressive disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY: We hoped to evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of Kai-Xin-San via regulation of the gut-brain axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized extracts of three representative compatible ratios of KXS had been prepared, and quality control of the extracts was performed by HPLC-MS/MS. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like mice were used as the depression animal model. After KXS treatment, the antidepressant-like effects of KXS were assessed by behavioural tests. The gut microbiota compositions in the faeces were determined by 16S rRNA sequencing technology. The levels of LPS, pro-inflammatory cytokines and HPA-axis-related hormones were measured by ELISA kits, and the expression of barrier proteins in the small intestines and prefrontal cortex were determined by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, antibiotics were used to determine the correlation between KXS exerting an antidepressant-like effect and regulating the gut-brain axis. RESULTS: KXS alleviated depression-like behaviours in CUMS-exposed mice. Furthermore, these parameters were also found to be changed after KXS treatment. Alteration of the gut microbiota composition were found in the small intestines. A decrease in the LPS and the pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in both the small intestine and brain. An increase in the tight junction proteins was found in the gut epithelium barrier and the blood-brain barrier. A decrease in the stress-related hormones was found in the central nervous system. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment attenuated the antidepressant-like effect of KXS in CUMS-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS: KXS exerted an antidepressant-like effect regulating the gut-brain axis, which included gut micro-environment modification, suppression of neuronal inflammation in the brain and inhibition of HPA axis activation in CUMS-induced depression-like mice.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Kai-Xin-San (KXS) has been prescribed by TCM doctors for treating psychiatric diseases with the core symptoms of anhedonia, amnesia, and dizziness. According to the symptoms of patients, KXS series formulae are created by varying the compatible ratio of herbs. Today, these formulae are still used in the clinic to treat major depressive disorders. AIM OF THE STUDY: We hoped to evaluate the antidepressant-like effect of Kai-Xin-San via regulation of the gut-brain axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized extracts of three representative compatible ratios of KXS had been prepared, and quality control of the extracts was performed by HPLC-MS/MS. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like mice were used as the depression animal model. After KXS treatment, the antidepressant-like effects of KXS were assessed by behavioural tests. The gut microbiota compositions in the faeces were determined by 16S rRNA sequencing technology. The levels of LPS, pro-inflammatory cytokines and HPA-axis-related hormones were measured by ELISA kits, and the expression of barrier proteins in the small intestines and prefrontal cortex were determined by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, antibiotics were used to determine the correlation between KXS exerting an antidepressant-like effect and regulating the gut-brain axis. RESULTS: KXS alleviated depression-like behaviours in CUMS-exposed mice. Furthermore, these parameters were also found to be changed after KXS treatment. Alteration of the gut microbiota composition were found in the small intestines. A decrease in the LPS and the pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in both the small intestine and brain. An increase in the tight junction proteins was found in the gut epithelium barrier and the blood-brain barrier. A decrease in the stress-related hormones was found in the central nervous system. Furthermore, antibiotic treatment attenuated the antidepressant-like effect of KXS in CUMS-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS: KXS exerted an antidepressant-like effect regulating the gut-brain axis, which included gut micro-environment modification, suppression of neuronal inflammation in the brain and inhibition of HPA axis activation in CUMS-induced depression-like mice.