Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China.

Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 are described from Tibet, China: P. cona Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P. duiba Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P. lemenba Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P. mainling Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P. nyingchi Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P. rongxar Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P. samyai Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), and P. yadong Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀). The DNA barcodes of the eight new species are documented. Xiaoqing Zhang, Tianqi Lan, Lei Nie, Shuqiang Li.

Introduction

The spider family Wunderlich, 1986 contains 45 species in four genera: Hormiga, Buckle & Scharff, 2005, Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943, Hormiga & Tu, 2008, and Hormiga, 2003 (Li 2020). , with the type species (Gertsch & Ivie, 1936) described from the USA, is the most species-rich genus in , with 33 described species prior to the current study. The genus is distributed on the west coast of the USA from Washington to California, the western Mediterranean (Alps and Cantabrian Mountains), and Asia (Himalaya to Beijing) (Mammola et al. 2016; Zhang and Li 2019; WSC 2020). Nine species are already known from China: Hormiga, 1994, Zhang & Li, 2019, and Griswold, Long & Hormiga, 1999 from Yunnan Province; Xu & Li, 2009, Xu & Li, 2007, Xu & Li, 2007, and Yuan, Zhao & Zhang, 2019 from Sichuan Province; Xu & Li, 2007 from caves in the city of Beijing; and Zhang & Li, 2019 from three caves in Hunan Province (Griswold et al. 1999; Hormiga 1994a; Xu and Li 2007; Xu and Li 2009; Yuan et al. 2019; Zhang and Li 2019). In the present paper, eight new pimoids from Tibet, China are described.

Materials and methods

Specimens were examined with a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope. Images were captured with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 dissecting microscope and assembled using Helicon Focus 3.10.3 image stacking software (Khmelik et al. 2006). Epigynes and male palps were examined after dissection from the spiders’ bodies. The left palps were illustrated unless otherwise noted. Epigynes were removed and treated in a warmed 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution.

All measurements were obtained using a LEICA M205C stereomicroscope and are given in millimeters. We put legs and the body of the spider on the objective table of stereomicroscope and measured the length by a ruler in the eyepiece. Eye sizes were measured as the maximum diameter from either dorsal or frontal views. Leg measurements are shown as total length (femur, patella + tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). The terminology used in the text and the figure legends follows Hormiga (1994a). Distribution maps were generated using ArcView GIS (ESRI) software.

Abbreviations used in this paper and in the figure legends:

anterior lateral eye;

anterior median eye;

distance between and ;

distance between AMEs;

AS alveolar sclerite;

C conductor;

cymbial denticulate process;

copulatory opening;

dorsal plate of the epigyne;

E embolus;

fertilization duct;

median apophysis;

P paracymbium;

pimoid cymbial sclerite;

pimoid embolic process;

posterior lateral eye;

posterior median eye;

distance between and ;

distance between PMEs;

S spermatheca;

T tegulum;

ventral plate of epigyne.

DNA barcodes were obtained for the eight new species by amplifying and sequencing a partial fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) using primers LCO1490-oono (5’-CWACAAAYCATARRGATATTGG-3’) (Folmer et al. 1994; Miller et al. 2010) and HCO2198-zz (5’-TAAACTTCCAGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3’) (Folmer et al. 1994; Zhao and Li 2017). For additional information on extraction, amplification, and sequencing procedures, see Wang et al. (2008). All sequences were checked for validity using BLAST and are deposited in GenBank. The accession numbers are provided in Table 1.

Table 1.

Voucher specimen information.

Species	GenBank accession number	Sequence length	Collection locality
Pimoa cona sp. nov.	MT373707	654bp	Cona, Lhoka, Tibet, China
Pimoa duiba sp. nov.	MT373708	654bp	Duopozhang and Aza, Lhoka, Tibet, China
Pimoa lemenba sp. nov.	MT373706	654bp	Cona, Lhoka, Tibet, China
Pimoa mainling sp. nov.	MT373710	654bp	Mainling, Nyingchi, Tibet, China
Pimoa nyingchi sp. nov.	MT373713	654bp	Lulang, Nyingchi, Tibet, China
Pimoa rongxar sp. nov.	MT373712	654bp	Dinggyê, Shigatse, Tibet, China
Pimoa samyai sp. nov.	MT373711	654bp	Samyai Town, Lhoka, Tibet, China
Pimoa yadong sp. nov.	MT373709	654bp	Yadong, Shigatse, Tibet, China

All specimens (including molecular vouchers) are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China.

Taxonomy

Family

Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943

123D03DE-3AF2-544D-A527-F83E8CB7B8CC

:

Type species.

Gertsch & Ivie, 1936, from California, USA.

Diagnosis and description.

See Chamberlin and Ivie 1943; Gertsch and Ivie 1936; Griswold et al. 1998; Hormiga 1994a; Hormiga 1994b.

Zhang & Li, sp. nov .

7A028DD4-54C5-50A1-949C-44AC4ABAFCED

http://zoobank.org/B51D64B4-BBFD-4B42-AE2D-648926292E2E

Figures 1 , 2 , 16

Figure 1.

Left palp of sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 2.

Epigyne and habitus of sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F and G.

Figure 16.

Distribution of species from Asia. Red dots represent new species, green dots represent previously described species. 1234 sp. nov. 56 sp. nov. 78910 sp. nov. 1112 sp. nov. 1314 sp. nov. 1516 sp. nov. 17 sp. nov. 181920212223 sp. nov.

Type material.

: ♂ (IZCAS-Ar40310), China, Tibet, Lhoka, Cona County, Senmuzha Scenic Area, , elevation ca. 2845 m, 10.VIII.2018, X. Zhang and J. Liu leg. : 1♂2♀ (IZCAS-Ar40311-40313), same data as holotype; 1♂1♀ (IZCAS-Ar40314-40315), Cona County, Yelang Valley, , elevation ca. 3379 m, 13.VIII.2018, X. Zhang and J. Liu leg.

Etymology.

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

Diagnosis.

The male of sp. nov. resembles Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 71, figs 285–289) and Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 67, figs 256–265) but can be distinguished by the large pimoid cymbial sclerite that is subdistally wide and distally pointed (Fig. 1B, vs. small and distally curved in ; vs. slender and distally blunt in ); distinguished from by the long tibia, ca. 1/2 of the cymbial length (Fig. 1A–C, vs. short tibia, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length); distinguished from by an embolus that begins at the 2:00 o’clock position (Fig. 1B, vs. an embolus that begins at the 5:30 o’clock position). The female of resembles (see Hormiga 1994a: 67, figs 266–284) but can be distinguished by the pair of oval spermathecae (Fig. 2A, vs. subtriangular spermathecae) and by the subdistally narrow dorsal plate (Fig. 2C, vs. subdistally wide).

Description.

Male (holotype): Total length 7.24. Carapace 3.59 long, 2.95 wide. Abdomen 3.65 long, 2.18 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.18, ALE 0.20, PME 0.19, PLE 0.17; AME-AME 0.14, AME-ALE 0.17, PME-PME 0.16, PME-PLE 0.18. Leg measurements: I: 33.34 (9.36, 10.19, 9.94, 3.85); II: 32.52 (9.25, 10.13, 9.87, 3.27); III: 20.92 (6.16, 6.36, 6.35, 2.05); IV: – (7.95, –, –, –). Habitus as in Fig. 2E. Carapace brownish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse chevron bands. Legs brownish with black annulations, especially distinct on legs III and IV. Palp (Fig. 1A–C): patella short, ca. 1/2 of tibial length, with one retrolateral macroseta; tibia long, ca. 1/2 of cymbial length, with several macrosetae and a dorsal process; paracymbium short, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length, finger-shaped; pimoid cymbial sclerite large, subdistally wide and distally sharp, ca. 1/2 of cymbial length; cymbial denticulate process short and distally pointed, with more than 15 cuspules; median apophysis slender; conductor indistinct; pimoid embolic process with two short and sharp branches distally; embolus long and thin, longer than pimoid embolic process, beginning at the 2:00 o’clock position; embolic tooth absent.

Female (paratype): Total length 9.62. Carapace 3.72 long, 3.01 wide. Abdomen 5.90 long, 4.10 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.18, ALE 0.22, PME 0.19, PLE 0.21; AME-AME 0.14, AME-ALE 0.21, PME-PME 0.17, PME-PLE 0.20. Leg measurements: I: 27.83 (7.76, 9.17, 7.82, 3.08); II: 24.80 (6.79, 8.20, 6.99, 2.82); III: 17.56 (5.38, 5.51, 4.81, 1.86); IV: 22.31 (6.73, 7.37, 5.90, 2.31). Habitus as in Fig. 2F, G. Carapace brownish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse chevron bands and a short vertical band medially. Legs brownish with black annulations, especially distinct on legs III and IV. Epigyne (Fig. 2A–D): triangular; ventral plate broad, length subequal to width; dorsal plate narrow, with a blunt point; copulatory openings distinct; spermathecae oval, separated by ca. 1/3 width of spermatheca; fertilization ducts membranous, anteriorly oriented.

Distribution.

Known only from the type locality, Tibet, China (Fig. 16).

Zhang & Li, sp. nov .

95D5916B-50C2-5B67-975C-AE6E71C9F25D

http://zoobank.org/2A93ED2B-AFAE-4EB6-B1BE-ACB9752BBF9D

Figures 3 , 4 , 16

Figure 3.

Left palp of sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 4.

Epigyne and habitus of sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F and G.

: ♂ (IZCAS-Ar40316), China, Tibet, Lhoka, Duopozhang Town, Duiba Village, , elevation ca. 4095 m, 14.VIII.2019, X. Zhang, Z. Bai and J. Liu leg. : 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar40317), same data as holotype; 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar40318), Lhoka, Aza Town, Beside the stream behind Zonggongbu Cave, , elevation ca. 4537 m, 29.VIII.2018, X. Zhang and J. Liu leg.

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

The male of sp. nov. resembles sp. nov. (Fig. 12A–C) and (see Xu and Li 2007: 496, figs 48–54) but can be distinguished by the short and distally blunt cymbial denticulate process (Fig. 3B, vs. relatively long and distally narrow in and ); distinguished from by the nearly V-shaped pimoid cymbial sclerite (Fig. 3B, vs. nearly L-shaped); distinguished from by the pimoid embolic process without a trifurcate apex (Fig. 3A–C, vs. with a trifurcate apex). The female of also resembles sp. nov. (Fig. 13A–D) and (see Xu and Li 2007: 496, figs 55–61) but can be distinguished by the short distance between the spermathecae (Fig. 4A, vs. separated by ca. 1/2 the width of a spermatheca in and ); distinguished from by having a spermatheca that is wider than long (Fig. 4A, vs. longer than wide); distinguished from by the medially narrow dorsal plate (Fig. 4C, vs. medially relatively wide).

Figure 12.

Left palp of sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 13.

Epigyne and habitus of sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F and G.

Male (holotype): Total length 5.26. Carapace 2.18 long, 1.86 wide. Abdomen 3.08 long, 1.73 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.13, PME 0.12, PLE 0.12; AME-AME 0.07, AME-ALE 0.11, PME-PME 0.10, PME-PLE 0.14. Leg measurements: I: 23.84 (6.60, 7.95, 6.73, 2.56); II: 21.79 (5.90, 7.24, 6.34, 2.31); III: 16.16 (4.62, 5.45, 4.49, 1.60); IV: 19.41 (5.51, 6.15, 5.83, 1.92). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with two teeth. Habitus as in Fig. 4E. Carapace yellowish with slightly darker lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse chevron bands. Legs brownish without black annulations. Palp (Fig. 3A–C): patella short, ca. 1/2 of tibial length, with a single retrolateral macroseta; tibia long, ca. 1/2 of cymbial length, with several macrosetae and a dorsal process; paracymbium short, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length, hook-shaped; pimoid cymbial sclerite nearly V-shaped, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length; cymbial denticulate process short and distally blunt, with more than five cuspules; median apophysis slender; conductor distinct; pimoid embolic process distally pointed, longer than embolus; embolus beginning at the 7:00 o’clock position, with short slender spine proximally; embolic tooth absent.

Female (paratype): Total length 6.85. Carapace 2.56 long, 2.11 wide. Abdomen 4.29 long, 3.27 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.16, PME 0.10, PLE 0.15; AME-AME 0.09, AME-ALE 0.15, PME-PME 0.09, PME-PLE 0.17. Leg measurements: I: 21.47 (6.15, 6.73, 6.03, 2.56); II: 19.55 (5.38, 6.67, 5.38, 2.12); III: 15.20 (4.62, 4.81, 4.10, 1.67); IV: 19.23 (5.51, 6.22, 5.45, 2.05). Promargin of chelicerae with three teeth, retromargin with two teeth. Habitus as in Fig. 4F, G. Carapace brownish with slightly darker lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves indistinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse chevron bands. Legs brownish without black annulations. Epigyne (Fig. 4A–D): triangular; ventral plate broad, length subequal to width; dorsal plate longer than wide, nearly tongue-shaped; copulatory openings distinct; spermathecae nearly round with short distance between them; fertilization ducts yellowish, anteriorly oriented.

Known only from the type locality, Tibet, China (Fig. 16).

Zhang & Li, sp. nov .

2F9304D1-D770-5857-9613-38010DD30A77

http://zoobank.org/643BA218-A6BB-4CC1-AEA5-60CD91E84F5D

Figures 5 , 16

Figure 5.

Epigyne and habitus of sp. nov., female holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view G female habitus, lateral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for E–G.

: ♀ (IZCAS-Ar40319), China, Tibet, Lhoka, Cona County, Lemenba Town, 17–20 km section from Lewang Bridge to Liulian Highway, , elevation ca. 3706 m, 5.VI.2016, J. Wu leg.

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

The species resembles Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 67, figs 266–284) but can be distinguished by the pair of round spermathecae which are close together (Fig. 5A, vs. separated by ca. 1/2 the width of a spermatheca), by the medially wide dorsal plate (Fig. 5C, vs. medially relatively narrow), and by the abdomen with the vertical band not extending to the distal part (Fig. 5E, vs. vertical band absent).

Female (holotype): Total length 8.59. Carapace 3.40 long, 2.88 wide. Abdomen 5.19 long, 3.46 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.17, ALE 0.20, PME 0.19, PLE 0.18; AME-AME 0.10, AME-ALE 0.19, PME-PME 0.14, PME-PLE 0.22. Leg measurements: I: – (7.12, –, –, –); II: – (6.47, –, –, –); III: missing; IV: missing. Habitus as in Fig. 5E–G. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse bands and a vertical band not extending to distal part. Legs brownish with black annulations. Epigyne (Fig. 5A–D): ventral and dorsal plates broad, length subequal to width; copulatory openings distinct; spermathecae round, close to each other; fertilization ducts crystalline, anteriorly oriented.

Male: unknown.

Known only from the type locality, Tibet, China (Fig. 16).

Zhang & Li, sp. nov .

32AF296A-4146-5023-A4D0-703BD62C056B

http://zoobank.org/75899015-5478-4F26-AB92-E96010E8185D

Figures 6 , 7 , 16

Figure 6.

Left palp of sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 7.

Epigyne and habitus of sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F and G.

: ♂ (IZCAS-Ar40320), China, Tibet, Nyingchi, Mainling County, along the way from Zhagonggou Scenic Area to Ganlu Cave, , elevation ca. 3440 m, 27.VIII.2018, X. Zhang and J. Liu leg. : 2♀ (IZCAS-Ar40321-Ar40322), same data as holotype.

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

The male of sp. nov. resembles (see Zhang and Li 2019: 3, figs 1, 2) but can be distinguished by the distally curved and nearly hook-shaped pimoid cymbial sclerite (Fig. 6B, vs. medially curved and nearly U-shaped). The male of also resembles Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 63, figs 233–238; Hormiga 1994b: fig 1A, B) but can be distinguished by a distally narrow cymbial denticulate process with few cuspules (Fig. 6B, vs. distally wide cymbial denticulate process with many cuspules). The female of resembles Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 63, figs 239–247) but can be distinguished by the distance between the pair of spermathecae which is ca. 1/3 the width of a spermatheca (Fig. 7A, vs. shorter distance between spermathecae) and by the funnel-shaped epigyne, which is distally straight and long (Fig. 7A–D, vs. triangular epigyne).

Male (holotype): Total length 5.06. Carapace 2.56 long, 2.18 wide. Abdomen 2.50 long, 2.05 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.16, ALE 0.17, PME 0.13, PLE 0.17; AME-AME 0.13, AME-ALE 0.17, PME-PME 0.10, PME-PLE 0.16. Leg measurements: I: 25.38 (6.99, 8.40, 7.49, 2.50); II: – (5.90, –, –, –); III: 13.52 (4.17, 4.23, 3.65, 1.47); IV: 16.79 (5.19, 5.38, 4.55, 1.67). Habitus as in Fig. 7E. Carapace brownish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse chevron bands. Legs brownish with black annulations, especially distinct on legs III and IV. Palp (Fig. 6A–C): patella short, ca. 1/3 of tibial length, with one retrolateral macroseta; tibia almost the same length as cymbium, with several macrosetae and a dorsal process; paracymbium short, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length, hook-shaped; pimoid cymbial sclerite distally curved, ca. 1/2 of cymbial length; cymbial denticulate process short, distally narrow and blunt, with more than ten cuspules; median apophysis slender; conductor distinct; pimoid embolic process long, slightly wider distally; embolus beginning at the 7:30 o’clock position; embolic tooth absent.

Female (paratype): Total length 8.78. Carapace 3.40 long, 3.01 wide. Abdomen 5.38 long, 4.55 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.17, ALE 0.19, PME 0.19, PLE 0.20; AME-AME 0.15, AME-ALE 0.17, PME-PME 0.17, PME-PLE 0.21. Leg measurements: I: 21.22 (6.15, 7.37, 5.58, 2.12); II: 18.33 (5.32, 6.22, 4.74, 2.05); III: 13.14 (4.17, 4.10, 3.40, 1.47); IV: – (5.06, 5.51, 4.42, –). Habitus as in Fig. 7F, G. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse chevron bands. Legs brownish with distinct black annulations on all legs. Epigyne (Fig. 7A–D): funnel-shaped; ventral and dorsal plates narrow; copulatory openings distinct; spermathecae nearly oval, separated by ca. 1/3 width of spermatheca; fertilization ducts membranous, anteriorly oriented.

Known only from the type locality, Tibet, China (Fig. 16).

Zhang & Li, sp. nov .

9796C136-1D75-5159-874C-2D0F5D0C4F4C

http://zoobank.org/AA082852-47BB-4A5B-AF4D-78E06176DDC6

Figures 8 , 9 , 16

Figure 8.

Left palp of sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 9.

Epigyne and habitus of sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F and G.

: ♂ (IZCAS-Ar40323), China, Tibet, Nyingchi, near Lunang Town, , elevation ca. 2615 m, 25.VIII.2018, X. Zhang and J. Liu leg. : 1♂2♀ (IZCAS-Ar40324-Ar40326), same data as holotype; 2♂2♀ (IZCAS-Ar40327-Ar40330), Nyingchi, Near Sejila Pass, , elevation ca. 3764 m, 26.VIII.2018, X. Zhang and J. Liu leg.

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

The male of sp. nov. resembles (see Xu and Li 2007: 493, figs 36–41) but can be distinguished by the long, distally flat and wide pimoid cymbial sclerite (Fig. 8B, vs. narrow and distally curved) and by the relatively large and wide paracymbium (Fig. 8B, C, vs. small and narrow). The female of also resembles (see Xu and Li 2007: 493, figs 42–47) but can be distinguished by a pair of small, oval spermathecae (Fig. 9C, vs. large and kidney-shaped) and by the broad dorsal plate (Fig. 9C, vs. narrow dorsal plate).

Male (holotype): Total length 7.05. Carapace 3.59 long, 3.01 wide. Abdomen 3.46 long, 2.44 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.17, ALE 0.17, PME 0.18, PLE 0.16; AME-AME 0.14, AME-ALE 0.16, PME-PME 0.15, PME-PLE 0.18. Leg measurements: I: 28.08 (7.63, 8.91, 8.01, 3.53); II: 16.92 (5.89, 5.26, 3.78, 1.99); III: 16.73 (5.00, 5.19, 4.62, 1.92); IV: 14.10 (5.45, 4.23, 2.95, 1.47). Habitus as in Fig. 9E. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse bands. Legs brownish with distinct black annulations on all legs. Palp (Fig. 8A–C): patella short, almost the same length as tibia, with one retrolateral macroseta; tibia short, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length, with several macrosetae and a dorsal process; paracymbium short, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length, hook-shaped; pimoid cymbial sclerite long, distally flat and wide, ca. 1/2 of cymbial length; cymbial denticulate process short, distally wide and bent inward, with more than 20 cuspules; median apophysis slender; conductor distinct; pimoid embolic process almost the same length as embolus; embolus beginning at the 3:00 o’clock position; embolic tooth absent.

Female (paratype): Total length 9.49. Carapace 3.27 long, 2.88 wide. Abdomen 6.22 long, 4.68 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.19, ALE 0.20, PME 0.19, PLE 0.20; AME-AME 0.14, AME-ALE 0.12, PME-PME 0.15, PME-PLE 0.17. Leg measurements: I: 20.76 (6.09, 6.79, 5.38, 2.50); II: 17.49 (5.06, 5.89, 4.68, 1.86); III: – (3.97, –, –, –); IV: 16.34 (5.06, 5.58, 4.42, 1.28). Habitus as in Fig. 9F, G. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse chevron bands. Legs brownish with distinct black annulations on all legs. Epigyne (Fig. 9A–D): triangular; ventral plate broad, length subequal to width; dorsal plate wide medially and pointed distally; copulatory openings indistinct; spermathecae oval, close to each other; fertilization ducts laterally oriented.

Known only from the type locality, Tibet, China (Fig. 16).

Zhang & Li, sp. nov .

E6BBC56D-6580-54D9-8A68-44E4A68465E5

http://zoobank.org/F5A97419-F64D-4B8C-ACFD-D88831A6CABA

Figures 10 , 11 , 16

Figure 10.

Left palp of sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 11.

Epigyne and habitus of sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F and G.

: ♂ (IZCAS-Ar40331), China, Tibet, Shigatse, Dinggyê County, Rongxar Town, Woods by the river, , elevation ca. 3520 m, 29.VII.2018, X. Zhang and J. Liu leg. : 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar40332), same data as holotype.

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

The male of sp. nov. resembles (see Xu and Li 2007: 493, figs 36–41) and Trotta, 2009 (see Trotta 2009: 1404, fig. 1) but can be distinguished by the large, long and subdistally wide pimoid cymbial sclerite (Fig. 10B, vs. small and narrow in ; vs. short and medially wide in ); distinguished from by the long palpal tibia, ca. 1/2 of the cymbial length (Fig. 10A–C, vs. palpal tibia short, ca. 1/3 of the cymbial length); distinguished from by the pimoid embolic process which is longer than the embolus (Fig. 10B, vs. a pimoid embolic process that is almost the same length as the embolus). The female of resembles Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 66, figs 248–255) but can be distinguished by a pair of nearly round spermathecae (Fig. 11A, vs. nearly oval) and by the laterally oriented pair of fertilization ducts (Fig. 11A–D, vs. medially oriented fertilization ducts).

Male (holotype): Total length 3.97. Carapace 2.50 long, 1.92 wide. Abdomen 1.47 long, 1.86 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.12, ALE 0.14, PME 0.16, PLE 0.14; AME-AME 0.14, AME-ALE 0.15, PME-PME 0.11, PME-PLE 0.11. Leg measurements: I: 19.23 (5.26, 6.22, 5.19, 2.56); II: 16.79 (4.55, 5.38, 4.62, 2.24); III: 11.48 (3.27, 3.46, 3.21, 1.54); IV: 14.16 (3.97, 4.55, 4.04, 1.60). Habitus as in Fig. 11E. Carapace brownish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen dark gray. Legs brownish with distinct black annulations on all legs. Palp (Fig. 10A–C): patella short, ca. 1/2 of tibial length, with a single retrolateral macroseta; tibia long, ca. 1/2 of cymbial length, with several macrosetae and a dorsal process; paracymbium short, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length; pimoid cymbial sclerite large, long and subdistally wide, slightly shorter than cymbial length; cymbial denticulate process short, distally narrow, with more than ten cuspules; median apophysis slender; conductor distinct; pimoid embolic process longer than embolus, abruptly narrowing; embolus beginning at the 5:30 o’clock position; embolic tooth absent.

Female (paratype): Total length 7.63. Carapace 3.78 long, 2.95 wide. Abdomen 3.85 long, 2.63 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.17, ALE 0.20, PME 0.18, PLE 0.17; AME-AME 0.13, AME-ALE 0.17, PME-PME 0.18, PME-PLE 0.21. Leg measurements: I: 24.29 (6.67, 8.14, 6.60, 2.88); II: 22.50 (6.35, 7.44, 6.15, 2.56); III: 17.38 (5.19, 5.58, 4.62, 1.99); IV: 20.77 (6.15, 6.86, 5.58, 2.18). Habitus as in Fig. 11F, G. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen yellowish with black marks. Legs yellowish with distinct black annulations on all legs. Epigyne (Fig. 11A–D): triangular; ventral plate broad, length subequal to width; dorsal plate narrow, longer than wide; copulatory openings distinct; spermathecae nearly round, separated by ca. 1/4 width of spermatheca; fertilization ducts yellowish, laterally oriented.

Known only from the type locality, Tibet, China (Fig. 16).

Zhang & Li, sp. nov .

882578C9-D067-5732-9A45-B74E7C4CE999

http://zoobank.org/F6AADDC6-7CDA-4DD3-B406-D028D22913A0

Figures 12 , 13 , 16

: ♂ (IZCAS-Ar40333), China, Tibet, Lhoka, Samyai Town, along the way to Qingpu Practice Cave, , elevation ca. 4231 m, 15.VIII.2018, X. Zhang and J. Liu leg. : 1♂1♀ (IZCAS-Ar40334-Ar40335), same data as holotype; 2♀ (IZCAS-Ar40336-Ar40337), Lhoka, Aza Town, along the way to Zonggongbu Cave, , elevation ca. 4389 m, 14.VIII.2018, X. Zhang and J. Liu leg.

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

The male of sp. nov. resembles (see Zhang and Li 2019: 3, figs 1, 2) and Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 63, figs 233–238; Hormiga 1994b: fig. 1A, B) but can be distinguished by the short and distally narrow cymbial denticulate process (Fig. 12B, vs. long and distally wide in ; vs. distally wide in ); distinguished from by the nearly L-shaped pimoid cymbial sclerite (Fig. 12B, vs. nearly U-shaped); distinguished from by a palpal tibia that is ca. 1/2 of the cymbial length (Fig. 12A–C, vs. tibia almost the same length as cymbium). The female of resembles Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 63, figs 239–247) and Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 66, figs 248–255) but can be distinguished by the distance between the pair of spermathecae which is ca. 1/2 the width of a spermatheca (Fig. 13C, vs. separated by ca. 1/4 the width of a spermatheca in and ) and by the distally wide dorsal plate (Fig. 13C, vs. distally narrow in and ).

Male (holotype): Total length 6.92. Carapace 3.33 long, 2.63 wide. Abdomen 3.59 long, 2.31 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.16, ALE 0.17, PME 0.15, PLE 0.16; AME-AME 0.14, AME-ALE 0.14, PME-PME 0.16, PME-PLE 0.19. Leg measurements: I: 31.92 (8.85, 10.06, 9.74, 3.27); II: 31.40 (8.33, 9.94, 9.99, 3.14); III: 19.81 (5.83, 6.03, 5.96, 1.99); IV: 25.77 (7.31, 8.27, 7.88, 2.31). Habitus as in Fig. 13E. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse chevron bands. Legs brownish with black annulations, especially distinct on legs III and IV. Palp (Fig. 12A–C): patella short, ca. 1/2 of tibial length, with one retrolateral macroseta; tibia long, ca. 1/2 of cymbial length, with several macrosetae and a dorsal process; paracymbium short, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length, hook-shaped; pimoid cymbial sclerite nearly L-shaped, ca. 1/2 of cymbial length; cymbial denticulate process short and distally narrow, with more than ten cuspules; median apophysis indistinct; conductor distinct; pimoid embolic process pointed distally, longer than embolus; embolus beginning at the 5:30 o’clock position; embolic tooth absent.

Female (paratype): Total length 10.51. Carapace 4.81 long, 3.46 wide. Abdomen 5.70 long, 4.42 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.20, ALE 0.20, PME 0.19, PLE 0.19; AME-AME 0.16, AME-ALE 0.17, PME-PME 0.17, PME-PLE 0.23. Leg measurements: I: 31.73 (8.91, 10.51, 9.04, 3.27); II: 28.59 (7.95, 9.49, 8.14, 3.01); III: 20.19 (5.83, 6.54, 5.83, 1.99); IV: 26.85 (7.88, 8.97, 7.50, 2.50). Habitus as in Fig. 13F, G. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen yellowish with black parts. Legs brownish with distinct black annulations on all legs. Epigyne (Fig. 13A–D): triangular; ventral plate broad, length subequal to width; dorsal plate longer than wide, nearly tongue-shaped; copulatory openings distinct; spermathecae nearly oval, separated by ca. 1/2 width of spermatheca; fertilization ducts anteriorly oriented.

Known only from the type locality, Tibet, China (Fig. 16).

Zhang & Li, sp. nov .

E3550658-A604-5F0D-B776-921DAB9AF950

http://zoobank.org/4ED45938-95D8-43C3-B000-AAC071D0258E

Figures 14 , 15 , 16

Figure 14.

Left palp of sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 15.

Epigyne and habitus of sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F and G.

: ♂ (IZCAS-Ar40338), China, Tibet, Shigatse, Yadong County, along the way to the Qing Dynasty Customs Site, , elevation ca. 2953 m, 6.VIII.2018, X. Zhang and J. Liu leg. : 1♀ (IZCAS-Ar40339), same data as holotype.

The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

The male of sp. nov. resembles Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 71, figs 285–289) and Hormiga, 1994 (see Hormiga 1994a: 67, figs 256–265) but can be distinguished by the wide and subtriangular pimoid cymbial sclerite (Fig. 14B, vs. proximally wide, distally narrow and curved in ; vs. slender and distally blunt and curved in ), by the long palpal tibia, ca. 2 times longer than the cymbium (Fig. 14A–C, vs. short tibia, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length in and ). The female of resembles (see Hormiga 1994a: 67, figs 266–284) and sp. nov. (Fig. 2) but can be distinguished by a pair of nearly round spermathecae that are almost touching one another (Fig. 15A, vs. elliptic and separated spermathecae in ; vs. subtriangular and separated spermathecae in ) and by the dorsal plate which extends beyond the ventral plate (Fig. 15C, vs. a dorsal plate shorter than the ventral plate in and ).

Male (holotype): Total length 8.46. Carapace 4.04 long, 3.27 wide. Abdomen 4.42 long, 2.95 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.21, ALE 0.19, PME 0.18, PLE 0.20; AME-AME 0.13, AME-ALE 0.18, PME-PME 0.17, PME-PLE 0.19. Leg measurements: I: – (11.60, –, –, –); II: – (10.13, –, –, –); III: 24.42 (7.18, 7.56, 7.18, 2.50); IV: – (8.91, 9.94, 9.04, –). Habitus as in Fig. 15E. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with slightly yellowish transverse bands. Legs brownish with black annulations, especially distinct on legs III and IV. Palp (Fig. 14A–C): patella long, ca. 1/2 of tibial length; tibia long, ca. 2 times longer than cymbium, with several macrosetae and a dorsal process; paracymbium short, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length; pimoid cymbial sclerite wide and subtriangular, ca. 1/3 of cymbial length; cymbial denticulate process short and distally pointed, with more than five cuspules; median apophysis slender; conductor indistinct; pimoid embolic process pointed distally, almost the same length as embolus; embolus beginning at the 2:00 o’clock position; embolic tooth absent.

Female (paratype): Total length 11.86. Carapace 4.55 long, 3.85 wide. Abdomen 7.31 long, 5.38 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.19, ALE 0.22, PME 0.21, PLE 0.22; AME-AME 0.19, AME-ALE 0.26, PME-PME 0.24, PME-PLE 0.28. Leg measurements: I: 43.08 (11.60, 14.04, 12.82, 4.62); II: 34.30 (10.58, 8.91, 11.09, 3.72); III: 24.30 (7.44, 7.69, 6.86, 2.31); IV: – (9.42, –, –, –). Habitus as in Fig. 15F–G. Carapace yellowish with black lateral margins; thoracic fovea and radial grooves distinct; sternum brownish. Abdomen black with yellowish transverse chevron bands and vertical band not extending to the distal part. Legs brownish with black annulations, especially distinct on legs III and IV. Epigyne (Fig. 15A–D): subtriangular; ventral plate broad, length subequal to width; dorsal plate narrowing distally, extending beyond the ventral plate; copulatory openings distinct; spermathecae round, close to each other; fertilization ducts laterally oriented.

Known only from the type locality, Tibet, China (Fig. 16).

Discussion

As a relict group, pimoids are ideal organisms for biogeographic study (Wang et al. 2008). Wang et al. (2008) estimated the divergence time of the North American and Asian species of was approximately 110 Ma, and suggested that the discontinuous distribution was probably a consequence of the break-up of Laurasia. Mammola et al. (2016) inferred that European pimoids probably originated in the alpine region as a result of range contractions following dramatic climatic changes in the Alps after the mid Miocene.

Based on our spider collections in the last years, we have found that many species have colonized in the southern region of the Tibetan Plateau. This study describes eight new species, yielding a total of 17 species from China. However, this is only the tip of the iceberg of Chinese species, and more new species will be reported with further collections. Phylogeographic analysis of from China will be conducted when the majority of species appear to be recorded.