Extracellular Vesicles in the Tumor Microenvironment: Various Implications in Tumor Progression.

Extracellular vesicle (EV) shedding is a biologically conserved cellular process across virtually every cell type. In cancer, EVs shed from tumor and stromal cells to the tumor microenvironment play a major role in determining tumor fate, which to a large extent is dictated by the biologically active cargo contained in EVs. Current understanding of various cancer-associated EVs has enabled the outlining of mechanistic connections between cargo and tumor-promoting functions. In this chapter, we describe examples of EV-mediated communication between tumor cells and stromal cells, highlighting the molecular constituents responsible for pro-tumorigenic effects. Furthermore, we discuss the roles of matrix-degrading EVs in cell invasion. Finally, we summarize research on the potential use of EVs as a novel approach to cancer therapeutics.