Knee ligament reconstruction: plain film analysis.

New concepts in knee ligament reconstruction have recently emerged, significantly improving the success of surgical reconstruction of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, using high-strength bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts, as well as medial and lateral collateral soft-tissue ligament reconstructions. We reviewed plain radiographs of 50 patients with a total of 72 ligament reconstructions to determine radiographic signs of complications. A major early complication relates to reconstructed ligament positioning. Isometric positioning of the reconstruction is important for all ligaments, but it is most crucial for the femoral portion of the anterior cruciate ligament. Three cases of nonisometric ligament positioning were identified, two anterior cruciate ligaments and one medial collateral ligament. Another early complication is graft fracture, identified in two cases of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Hardware failure did not occur in this series. Late complications include motion of the graft (none in this series) and patellar fracture (one case in this series). Effusions resolved by 4 weeks in 92% of the cases. However, prolonged effusions are usually sterile and should not be mistakenly diagnosed as representing a septic joint if they are an isolated finding. Nonunion of the graft within its osseous tunnel is unusual. Union occurred in 79% of cases by 6 weeks and in 95% of cases by 5 months. Osseous tunnel sclerosis alone is not considered a complication. We conclude that postoperative plain film radiography is important for assessment of graft and hardware position as well as for the detection of early and late surgical complications.