Lenie van Rossem1,2, Henriette A Smit3, Martine Armand4, Jonathan Y Bernard5, Hans Bisgaard6, Klaus Bønnelykke6, Signe Bruun7,8,9,10, Barbara Heude5, Steffen Husby8,9,10, Henriette B Kyhl8,10, Kim F Michaelsen11, Ken D Stark12, Carel Thijs13, Rebecca K Vinding6, Alet H Wijga14, Lotte Lauritzen11. 1. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands. l.vanrossem@umcutrecht.nl. 2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. l.vanrossem@umcutrecht.nl. 3. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 4. Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France. 5. Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), INSERM, INRA, 75004, Paris, France. 6. COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 7. Strategic Business Unit Pediatric, Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J, Denmark. 8. Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. 9. Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. 10. OPEN, Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. 11. Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 12. Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. 13. Department of Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 14. Center for Nutrition, Prevention, and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Abstract
PURPOSE: It is controversial whether a higher intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA) through breastfeeding is associated or not to a lower blood pressure (BP) during childhood. We aimed to clarify this point by undertaking a meta-analysis involving the data from seven European birth cohorts. METHODS: We searched https://www.birthcohort.net for studies that had collected breast milk samples, and had at least one BP measurement in childhood. Principal investigators were contacted, and all agreed to share data. One additional study was identified by contacts with the principal investigators. For each cohort, we analyzed the association of breast milk n-3 LC PUFAs with systolic and diastolic BP with linear mixed effects models or linear regression, and pooled the estimates with a random effects model. We also investigated age-specific and sex-specific associations. RESULTS: A total of 2188 participants from 7 cohorts were included. Overall, no associations between breast milk n-3 LC PUFAs and BP were observed. In the pooled analysis, each 0.1 wt% increment in breast milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was associated with a 1.19 (95% CI - 3.31, 0.94) mmHg lower systolic BP. Associations were similar for boys and girls and at different ages. CONCLUSION: In this individual participant meta-analysis, we found no evidence for an association between breast milk n-3 LC PUFAs and BP.
PURPOSE: It is controversial whether a higher intake of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFA) through breastfeeding is associated or not to a lower blood pressure (BP) during childhood. We aimed to clarify this point by undertaking a meta-analysis involving the data from seven European birth cohorts. METHODS: We searched https://www.birthcohort.net for studies that had collected breast milk samples, and had at least one BP measurement in childhood. Principal investigators were contacted, and all agreed to share data. One additional study was identified by contacts with the principal investigators. For each cohort, we analyzed the association of breast milk n-3 LC PUFAs with systolic and diastolic BP with linear mixed effects models or linear regression, and pooled the estimates with a random effects model. We also investigated age-specific and sex-specific associations. RESULTS: A total of 2188 participants from 7 cohorts were included. Overall, no associations between breast milk n-3 LC PUFAs and BP were observed. In the pooled analysis, each 0.1 wt% increment in breast milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was associated with a 1.19 (95% CI - 3.31, 0.94) mmHg lower systolic BP. Associations were similar for boys and girls and at different ages. CONCLUSION: In this individual participant meta-analysis, we found no evidence for an association between breast milk n-3 LC PUFAs and BP.
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