Serum CA125 Level Is Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the association between serum carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) and the presence as well as severity of diabetes retinopathy (DR) in Chinese adult patients with type 2 diabetes.
METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2012 to November 2018. DR was assessed using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study criteria. Vision-threatening DR (VTDR) was diagnosed if subjects had severe non-proliferative DR (NPDR), proliferative DR (PDR), or clinically significant macular edema (CSME). Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to explore the associations.
RESULTS: Among the 2696 participants, the overall prevalence of DR was 25.1%, of which the prevalence of mild NPDR, moderate NPDR, and VTDR was 10.8%, 4.5%, and 9.9%, respectively. Serum CA125 level was significantly higher in participants with DR and increased with the severity of DR (P = 0.013). After accounting for age, gender, smoking, drinking, duration of diabetes, anti-diabetic agents use, systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, weight, hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose levels, CA125 level was significantly associated with subjects in any-severity DR (odds ratio [OR] 1.006 [95% confidence interval CI: 1.002-1.010], P = 0.006) and VTDR (1.008 [1.003-1.013], P = 0.001). When CA125 was treated as categorized variables, the prevalence of VTDR might increase as improving CA125 quartiles (P value for trend = 0.017).
CONCLUSION: In this study, serum CA125 level was associated with the presence and severity of DR in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Further prospective studies should be warranted to validate the feasible role of CA125 as well as other biomarkers.

Introduction

Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is one of the prevailing chronic complications of diabetes caused by accumulated impairments of retinal microvasculature, and leads to severe or even perpetual visual loss.1,2 Statistically, nearly 80% diabetic patients tracing for over ten years were expected to suffer from this complication, and DR has been proven to be the dominant cause of blindness worldwide in adults of working age.3,4 Accompanying with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has reached global epidemic proportions, the morbid risk of DR will continue to rise. Based on current epidemiologic evidences and clinical investigations, factors such as the duration of diabetes, the control of glycemia and blood pressure significantly influenced the presence of DR, but the mechanisms responsible for DR remained unclear.5,6 In addition, researchers also indicated that maintenance of those factors could not decelerate the progression of retinopathy.7 The benefit of timely screening and treatment in the early stage of DR is observable for patient’s outcome. Currently, the diagnosis and evaluation of DR depends on fundus examination by retina photographs, and no exact parameter for predicting presence of DR has been identified.8,9

Several investigations have provided valuable evidence independent of well-documented related risk factors of diabetes, that cancer was also linked to the prevalence of diabetes.10,11 Previous studies illustrated that some status correlated to diabetes and retinopathy might be postulated as a key role in cancer’s deterioration or mortality, such as dysglycemia, insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokines.12 Of note, Azuma et al recently identified DR as a risk factor associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, further supporting the possible associations between DR and cancer.13 Tumor biomarkers are a series of substances which reflect the occurrence and proliferation of cancers, and widely applied in clinic for tumor early detection, diagnosis, monitoring and prognostic evaluation.14 Limited researches have evaluated tumor biomarkers in connection to diabetes and corresponding complications, and an ascending or descending trend of markers were observed in patients with diabetes.

A retrospective analysis based on Chinese population suggested that the elevation of tumor biomarkers existed obviously in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to normal controls, especially carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) levels which increased in type 2 diabetes patients with multiple complications.15 CA125, one of the most common tumor biomarkers, was found to be produced mainly by coelomic epithelium-derived tissues, including thoracic, pericardial and peritoneal mesothelium, and Mullerian duct epithelial structures. Esteghamati et al identified the CA125 level with regard to metabolic syndrome and diabetes, and investigated the relationship between CA125 level and various associated anthropometric and biochemical parameters.16,17 Researchers demonstrated that CA125 was inversely related to diabetes status and associated variables, while the result was inconsistent with the finding in a study based on Chinese population. Serum CA125 level was higher in patients with diabetes and related complications, especially diabetic foot and compound conditions.18 To date, no data has been reported that there is any correlation between the level of serum CA125, and the presence as well as severity of DR. Thus, we conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study to investigate the association between CA125 and DR in Chinese adult patients with type 2 diabetes.

Materials and Methods

Study Population

Between February 2012 to November 2018, 2880 patients aged 18 years and over were recruited as having confirmed diabetes at the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University (CMU1h). The CMU1h is located in Shenyang City, situated in the northern-east part of China, and functions as a National key discipline for both Endocrine and Metabolic disease. All patients were registered in the hospital-based diabetes registry and followed-up database system. Each participant was requested to complete a comprehensive questionnaire at the time of his/her initial admission. This diabetes registry records clinical findings and information for all patients admitted to the CMU1h. Type 2 diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/l, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol), self-reported previous clinician-diagnosed diabetes or use of anti-diabetic agents, according to the criteria of the American Diabetes Association Standards of diabetes care.9 Exclusion criteria removed participants with type 1 diabetes, pregnancy, diabetic ketoacidosis, malignancy tumors such as cervical, endometrial, ovarian, fallopian tube and breast cancer; benign diseases including ovarian chocolate cysts, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, appendicitis, peritonitis and so on; cardiovascular diseases such as chronic heart failure, atrial fibrillation, aortic stenosis and coronary heart disease; and a history of mental disorders, autoimmune disease such as systemic lupus erythematosus or other connective tissue disease, and severe liver or kidney insufficiency. Participants with unrecorded retinal fundus photographs in one or both eyes were also excluded.

Measurements of Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters

At baseline, the following anthropometric and clinical parameters of participants were achieved: age, gender, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), status of smoking and alcohol-drinking, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), duration of diabetes and use of anti-diabetic agents. BMI was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by square height (m). Smokers were defined as patients with self-reported previous or current history of smoking, regardless of their smoking frequency, and the definition of drinkers was similar to smokers. BP was measured three times by trained nurses using standard manual mercury sphygmomanometers and the average was recorded. PP was calculated as SBP minus DBP.

Blood biochemical parameters including HbA1c, FPG, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured at the Endocrinology Laboratory of China Medical University, using blood samples collected in the morning from individuals after an overnight fasting (at least 8 hours without calorie intaking). HbA1c was evaluated by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HLC-723 G7; TOSHO, Tokyo, Japan). FPG was determined by applying the glucose oxidase methods. Lipid parameters were measured by using standard enzymatic methods through biochemical analyzers (7600-120; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). We use Roche Cobas E601 or E602 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer to determine tumor biomarkers including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), CA125, CA153 and CA199 at the Department of Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. This assay had a wide working range from 0.5 mmol/L to 1000 mmol/L. It was sensitive (limit of detection: 0.5 mmol/L), precise and reproducible with low inter- and intra-coefficient of variances (< 20%).

Assessment of DR

Two-field fundus photographs which centered on the optic disk and fovea were assigned to each eye by trained photographers, using nonmydriatic fundus camera (CR6-45NM; Canon, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). The assessment of DR was performed by ophthalmologists in blinded manners at the Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, according to the Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) standards.19,20 DR was considered to be present if one or more retinal microaneurysms or retinal blot hemorrhages existed with or without more severe lesions including cotton wool spots, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, hard or soft exudates, venous bleeding and retinal new vessels. And, if the binocular DR was diagnosed unequally, the result of the more advanced eye should be analyzed. The severity of DR was graded following the modified Airlie House classification system, and categorized as non-DR, mild non-proliferative DR (NPDR), moderate NPDR, severe NPDR and proliferative DR (PDR).19 Vision-threatening DR (VTDR) was defined as the presence of severe NPDR, PDR, or clinically significant macular edema.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (IBM, version 23). Data are described as mean ± SD (continuous variables) or percentage (categorical variables) unless otherwise indicated. Normal distribution test was performed by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. For the continuous variables, if the variable was normal distribution, one-way ANOVA or Jonckheere-Terpstra test for continuous variables with homogeneous or heterogeneous variance, while Kruskal–Wallis H-test was performed for abnormal distribution. For categorical variables, the comparisons were used Chi-square test and Fisher exact test. Quartiles were defined as the 25%, 50% and 75% percentiles of CA125 level, then, its level was treated as categorized variables according to four quartiles (quartile 1 or Q1: < 6.97 U/mL; quartile 2 or Q2: 6.97–9.72 U/mL; quartile 3 or Q3: 9.73–13.48 U/mL; quartile 4 or Q4: ≥ 13.49 U/mL), with the highest tertile being the reference tertile. Further, multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to estimate associations between DR severity strata (dependent variable) and CA125 levels (independent variable) individually in each stratified method. Model 1 adjusted with age and gender. In Model 2, confounder variables identified as significant in the univariate analyses including duration of diabetes, anti-diabetic agents use, SBP, PP, weight, HbA1c and FPG levels, were entered into logistic regression analyses. Model 3 included all of the confounders mentioned above as well as status of smoking and alcohol-drinking, which had shown potential association with disease severity strata during the literature search. In all 3 models, each of four DR subgroups was assigned with a number according to DR severity strata: 0 for non-DR, 1 for mild NPDR, 2 for moderate NPDR and 3 for VTDR. A P-value less than 0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.

Results

Complete information was available for 2696 subjects (93.6% of the total sample). Table 1 listed basic characteristics of involved participants with different DR severities. Among all enrolled subjects with type 2 diabetes, the prevalence of DR was 25.1% (n = 677), in which mild NPDR, moderate NPDR and VTDR to be 10.8% (n = 290), 4.5% (n = 121), and 9.9% (n = 266), respectively. The results illustrated that DR severity strata was related to longer duration of diabetes, anti-diabetic agent use, SBP, PP, weight, BMI, HbA1c and FBG levels significantly (all P < 0.05). Among five observed tumor biomarkers, only CA125 levels were higher in participants with DR compared to non-DR subjects and increased significantly with severity of DR (P = 0.013). CEA, AFP, CA153 and CA199 did not vary significantly across different groups of DR severity strata. Table 2 categorized patients into four groups according to quartiles of CA125 levels. Clinical characteristics were compared among quartiles as shown in Table 2. The prevalence of DR severity increased with ascending CA125 quartiles (P = 0.016), especially in VTDR group. Thus, further analysis was carried out principally around CA125. Figure 1 illustrated the serum levels of CA125 in various stages of DR as box-and-whisker diagram.

Table 1

Characteristics of Study Participants by the Presence and Severity of DR

Variables	Overall	Non-DR	Mild NPDR	Moderate NPDR	VTDR	Any DR	P value
	(n = 2696)	(n = 2019)	(n = 290)	(n = 121)	(n = 266)	(n = 677)
Gender (male, %)	1570 (58.2)	1176 (58.2)	157 (63.1)	91 (56.2)	146 (54.9)	394 (58.2)	0.274
Age (years)	57.19 ± 13.47	56.69 ± 14.01	60.20 ± 11.77	59.96 ± 11.45	56.52 ± 11.20	58.70 ± 11.59	0.052
Duration of diabetes (%)
<5 years	941 (34.9)	791 (39.2)	65 (26.1)	28 (17.3)	57 (21.4)	150 (22.6)	<0.001
5 ≦ y < 10 years	557 (20.7)	433 (21.4)	55 (22.1)	30 (18.5)	39 (14.7)	124 (18.3)
10 ≦ y < 20 years	913 (33.9)	615 (30.5)	99 (39.8)	75 (46.3)	124 (46.7)	298 (44.0)
≧20 years	285 (10.6)	180 (8.9)	30 (12.0)	29 (17.9)	46 (17.3)	105 (15.5)
Anti-diabetic agents (yes, n, %)	2490 (92.4)	1836 (90.9)	238 (95.6)	158 (97.5)	258 (97.0)	654 (96.6)	<0.001
HR (bpm)	81.25 ± 10.88	81.03 ± 10.92	81.55 ± 10.44	81.40 ± 10.85	82.61 ± 10.93	81.93 ± 10.73	0.155
SBP (mmHg)	136.14 ± 19.14	134.91 ± 18.00	137.12 ± 20.75	143.47 ± 21.69	140.06 ± 22.55	139.79 ± 21.80	<0.001
DBP (mmHg)	82.87 ± 13.15	82.63 ± 11.37	84.69 ± 23.36	83.06 ± 12.13	82.88 ± 13.08	83.59 ± 17.41	0.732
PP (mmHg)	53.27 ± 16.43	52.29 ± 14.90	54.42 ± 22.66	60.41 ± 17.74	57.18 ± 18.12	56.20 ± 20.05	<0.001
Height (cm)	167.64 ± 8.15	167.78 ± 8.08	167.79 ± 8.18	167.13 ± 8.55	166.79 ± 8.43	167.24 ± 8.37	0.240
Weight (kg)	72.19 ± 13.22	72.55 ± 13.37	72.57 ± 12.40	70.51 ± 13.28	70.11 ± 12.51	71.11 ± 12.69	0.012
BMI (kg/m2)	25.59 ± 3.56	25.67 ± 3.63	25.68 ± 3.11	25.11 ± 3.49	25.16 ± 3.39	25.34 ± 3.32	0.044
Smoking (yes, %)	689 (25.6)	507 (25.1)	57 (22.9)	48 (29.6)	77 (28.9)	182 (26.9)	0.245
Drinking (yes, %)	507 (18.8)	378 (18.7)	55 (22.1)	30 (18.5)	44 (16.5)	129 (19.1)	0.446
HbA1c (%)	8.41 ± 2.25	8.33 ± 2.27	8.50 ± 2.20	8.68 ± 2.28	8.70 ± 2.10	8.62 ± 2.18	0.022
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	68.42 ± 1.09	67.54 ± 1.31	69.40 ± 0.55	71.37 ± 1.42	71.58 ± 0.55	70.71 ± 0.33
FPG (mmol/L)	9.11 ± 3.76	8.99 ± 3.69	9.13 ± 3.57	9.38 ± 5.00	9.81 ± 3.60	9.46 ± 3.97	0.002
TC (mmol/L)	4.81 ± 1.26	4.79 ± 1.25	4.79 ± 1.21	4.97 ± 1.35	4.86 ± 1.37	4.87 ± 1.31	0.340
TG (mmol/L)	2.28 ± 2.19	2.27 ± 2.22	2.25 ± 2.38	2.31 ± 2.03	2.31 ± 1.85	2.29 ± 2.10	0.988
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.12 ± 0.53	1.11 ± 0.53	1.14 ± 0.40	1.14 ± 0.37	1.13 ± 0.65	1.14 ± 0.51	0.778
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.05 ± 1.10	3.31 ± 1.05	3.02 ± 1.04	3.22 ± 1.53	3.10 ± 1.16	3.10 ± 1.22	0.680
CA125 (mmol/L)	13.20 ± 21.08	12.29 ± 16.77	12.82 ± 14.07	15.77 ± 41.90	18.84 ± 32.94	15.89 ± 30.38	0.013
CEA (mmol/L)	2.97 ± 7.55	2.96 ± 8.64	2.93 ± 2.42	3.09 ± 2.26	3.01 ± 1.84	3.00 ± 2.17	0.996
AFP (mmol/L)	3.17 ± 5.52	3.19 ± 5.51	2.92 ± 1.33	2.96 ± 2.13	3.35 ± 8.63	3.10 ± 5.57	0.780
CA153 (mmol/L)	11.30 ± 20.67	11.25 ± 23.66	11.39 ± 5.47	10.55 ± 4.93	12.12 ± 6.12	11.47 ± 5.64	0.887
CA199 (mmol/L)	19.73 ± 36.59	19.30 ± 37.95	24.97 ± 52.43	20.41 ± 21.70	19.73 ± 36.59	21.02 ± 32.20	0.289

Note: Data are mean ± SD or percentage unless otherwise indicated.

Abbreviations: HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CA, carbohydrate antigen; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; AFP, alpha fetal protein; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; VTDR, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy.

Table 2

Characteristics of Study Participants by Quartiles of CA125

Variables	Q1 (< 6.97)	Q2 (6.97–9.72)	Q3 (9.73–13.49)	Q4 (≥13.49)	P value
	(n = 675)	(n = 677)	(n = 673)	(n = 671)
Gender (male, n, %)	441 (65.3)	405 (59.8)	388 (57.7)	336 (50.1)	<0.001
Age (years)	57.12 ± 12.90	57.29 ± 12.73	57.27 ± 13.49	57.08 ± 14.70	0.769
Duration of diabetes (n, %)
<5 years	224 (33.2)	205 (30.3)	276 (41.0)	236 (35.2)	0.001
5 ≦ y < 10 years	144 (21.3)	148 (21.9)	134 (19.9)	131 (19.5)
10 ≦ y < 20 years	245 (36.3)	251 (37.1)	202 (30.0)	215 (32.0)
≧20 years	62 (9.2)	73 (10.8)	61 (9.1)	89 (13.3)
Anti-diabetic agents (yes, n, %)	641 (95.0)	630 (93.1)	610 (90.6)	609 (90.8)	0.001
HR (bpm)	80.48 ± 11.35	80.93 ± 10.22	81.61 ± 11.12	81.99 ± 10.74	0.050
SBP (mmHg)	135.50 ± 18.59	135.36 ± 19.14	135.32 ± 18.62	138.38 ± 20.04	0.006
DBP (mmHg)	82.65 ± 12.04	83.21 ± 16.96	82.53 ± 11.23	83.08 ± 11.53	0.733
PP (mmHg)	52.85 ± 15.37	52.15 ± 18.37	52.79 ± 15.12	55.30 ± 16.51	0.002
Height (cm)	168.36 ± 8.25	167.91 ± 7.93	167.65 ± 8.14	166.64 ± 8.20	0.001
Weight (kg)	72.83 ± 12.35	72.64 ± 12.96	72.49 ± 13.80	70.77 ± 13.63	0.015
BMI (kg/m2)	25.59 ± 3.38	25.71 ± 3.58	25.63 ± 3.67	25.42 ± 3.59	0.475
Smoking (yes, %)	180 (26.7)	183 (27)	159 (23.6)	167 (24.9)	0.442
Drinking (yes, %)	132 (19.6)	136 (20.1)	129 (19.2)	110 (16.4)	0.309
HbA1c (%)	7.91 ± 1.82	8.22 ± 2.09	8.57 ± 2.11	8.93 ± 2.75	<0.001
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	62.95 ± 3.61	66.34 ± 0.66	70.16 ± 0.44	74.10 ± 6.56
FPG (mmol/L)	8.43 ± 3.75	8.86 ± 3.47	9.41 ± 3.77	9.75 ± 3.93	<0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.49 ± 0.99	4.68 ± 1.127	4.88 ± 1.13	5.18 ± 1.61	<0.001
TG (mmol/L)	2.00 ± 1.70	2.05 ± 1.57	2.35 ± 2.23	2.72 ± 2.91	<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.10 ± 0.47	1.13 ± 0.61	1.14 ± 0.53	1.09 ± 0.47	0.267
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.84 ± 0.85	2.97 ± 0.90	3.09 ± 0.99	3.30 ± 1.47	<0.001
DR level (n, %)
Non-DR	508 (75.3)	523 (77.3)	513 (76.2)	475 (70.8)	0.016
Mild NPDR	63 (9.3)	58 (8.6)	68 (10.1)	60 (8.9)
Moderate NPDR	42 (6.2)	37 (5.5)	38 (5.6)	45 (6.7)
VTDR	62 (9.2)	59 (8.7)	54 (8.0)	91 (13.5)
Any DR	167 (24.7)	154 (22.7)	160 (23.8)	196 (29.2)

Note: Data are mean ± SD or percentage unless otherwise indicated.

Abbreviations: Q, quartile; HR, heart rate; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; VTDR, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy; CA125, carbohydrate antigen 125.

Figure 1

The serum levels of CA125 in various stages of DR.

Abbreviations: CA125, carbohydrate antigen 125; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; VTDR, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy.

Table 3 showed the associations between CA125 and various stages of DR. In a binary logistic regression model, non-DR group was set as a control group, and a significant (odds ratio [OR] 1.007 [95% CI: 1.003–1.012], P = 0.001) association between DR and CA125 level was revealed after adjusting age and gender. Then, using a multivariate logistic regression model, the relation of CA125 level to the prevalence of DR severity strata was explored, and the results showed that the relationships were significant for moderate NPDR group (1.008 [1.002–1.014], P = 0.014) and VTDR group (1.009 [1.005–1.014], P < 0.001), but not significant for mild NPDR group (1.002 [0.995–1.010], P = 0.534). Further adjusting confounding factors in Model 3, VTDR group was still correlated with CA125 level significantly (1.008 [1.003–1.013], P = 0.001), as well as any-severity DR (1.006 [1.002–1.010], P = 0.006).

Table 3

Associations Between CA125 and Various Stages of DR After Controlling for Confounding Factors

	Any DR		Mild NPDR		Moderate NPDR		VTDR
	OR [95% CI]	P value	OR [95% CI]	P value	OR [95% CI]	P value	OR [95% CI]	P value
Model 1	1.007 [1.003–1.012]	0.001	1.002 [0.995–1.010]	0.534	1.008 [1.002–1.014]	0.014	1.009 [1.005–1.014]	<0.001
Model 2	1.006 [1.002–1.010]	0.006	1.002 [0.994–1.010]	0.598	1.006 [0.999–1.012]	0.082	1.008 [1.003–1.013]	0.001
Model 3	1.006 [1.002–1.010]	0.006	1.002 [0.995–1.010]	0.542	1.005 [0.999–1.012]	0.100	1.008 [1.003–1.013]	0.001

Notes: Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender. Model 2 was adjusted for age, gender, duration of diabetes, use of anti-diabetic drugs, systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse pressure (PP), weight, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Model 3 includes all variables in Model 2 plus smoking and drinking.

Abbreviations: DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; VTDR, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy; OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CA125, carbohydrate antigen 125.

When CA125 was regarded as a categorized variable in logistic regression model, Table 4 studied the association between CA125 quartiles and DR severity, setting Q4 as reference. Increases of CA125 quartiles correlated significantly with VTDR (Q1: 0.647 [0.457–0.917], P = 0.014; Q2: 0.595 [0.419–0.846], P = 0.004; Q3: 0.554 [0.387–0.794], P = 0.001) after adjusting age and gender in Model 1, and trend test was then carried out with P value equal to 0.003. The statistical significance did not remain in association between Q1 with VTDR in Model 2 or Model 3, but still existed in Q2 (Model 2: 0.630 [0.439–0.905], P = 0.012; Model 3: 0.629 [0.438–0.904], P = 0.012) and Q3 (Model 2: 0.630 [0.436–0.911], P = 0.014; Model 3: 0.639 [0.442–0.924], P = 0.017). Both P values for trend were significant (Model 2: P value for trend = 0.017; Model 3: P value for trend = 0.018), from which we can infer that prevalence of VTDR might increase as ascending CA125 quartiles.

Table 4

Associations Between Quartiles of CA125 and Various Stages of DR After Controlling for Confounding Factors

	Any DR		Mild NPDR		Moderate NPDR		VTDR
	OR [95% CI]	P value	OR [95% CI]	P value	OR [95% CI]	P value	OR [95% CI]	P value
Model 1
CA125 Q1	0.788 [0.618–1.006]	0.055	0.946 [0.648–1.381]	0.773	0.876 [0.563–1.363]	0.557	0.647 [0.457–0.917]	0.014
CA125 Q2	0.707 [0.553–0.905]	0.006	0.856 [0.583–1.256]	0.427	0.747 [0.475–1.177]	0.209	0.595 [0.419–0.846]	0.004
CA125 Q3	0.750 [0.588–0.958]	0.021	1.030 [0.711–1.493]	0.874	0.782 [0.498–1.227]	0.285	0.554 [0.387–0.794]	0.001
CA125 Q4	1.000 (Reference)		1.000 (Reference)		1.000 (Reference)		1.000 (Reference)
	P value for trend 0.015		P value for trend 0.587		P value for trend 0.386		P value for trend 0.003
Model 2
CA125 Q1	0.873 [0.677–1.126]	0.296	0.980 [0.665–1.442]	0.917	1.023 [0.648–1.615]	0.923	0.712 [0.496–1.022]	0.066
CA125 Q2	0.746 [0.578–0.963]	0.024	0.844 [0.571–1.247]	0.394	0.825 [0.518–1.314]	0.418	0.630 [0.439–0.905]	0.012
CA125 Q3	0.852 [0.662–1.097]	0.215	1.089 [0.748–1.584]	0.657	0.942 [0.594–1.494]	0.799	0.630 [0.436–0.911]	0.014
CA125 Q4	1.000 (Reference)		1.000 (Reference)		1.000 (Reference)		1.000 (Reference)
	P value for trend 0.106		P value for trend 0.664		P value for trend 0.829		P value for trend 0.017
Model3
CA125 Q1	0.873 [0.677–1.126]	0.296	0.971 [0.659–1.432]	0.883	1.031 [0.653–1.625]	0.897	0.716 [0.498–1.028]	0.070
CA125 Q2	0.746 [0.578–0.963]	0.024	0.837 [0.566–1.238]	0.373	0.825 [0.518–1.315]	0.419	0.629 [0.438–0.904]	0.012
CA125 Q3	0.852 [0.662–1.097]	0.215	1.071 [0.735–1.560]	0.720	0.953 [0.601–1.512]	0.838	0.639 [0.442–0.924]	0.017
CA125 Q4	1.000 (Reference)		1.000 (Reference)		1.000 (Reference)		1.000 (Reference)
	P value for trend 0.106		P value for trend 0.633		P value for trend 0.848		P value for trend 0.018

Notes: Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender. Model 2 was adjusted for age, gender, duration of diabetes, use of anti-diabetic drugs, systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse pressure (PP), weight, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Model 3 includes all variables in Model 2 plus smoking and drinking.

Abbreviations: DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; VTDR, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy; OR, Odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CA125, carbohydrate antigen 125; Q, quartile.

Discussion

Known as retinal microcirculation disorders, DR would attack more than half of diabetic patients with 10 years or longer duration, disregarding its varying severity, and the global prevalence of DR rises continuously.21 A meta-analysis based on the data from 35 studies including 22,896 participants with diabetes, revealed that the overall prevalence of any DR was 34.6%, and 28.4% in patients with type 2 diabetes.5 Among the Chinese population, a recent systemic review integrating available epidemiological studies since 1990 estimated that the pooled prevalence of any DR, NPDR and PDR in diabetic patients were 18.5%, 15.1% and 0.99%, respectively.22 In this large sample, cross-sectional, hospital-based study, similar to the published findings, 25.1% of the participants with type 2 diabetes were expected to have DR, 15.2% and 9.9% of whom suffered from NPDR and VTDR, supporting the reliability of methodology and effectiveness of population samples. Our findings underscored the importance of optimal glycemia management, monitoring of blood pressure and early detection of DR in preventing the progression of microvascular complications and reducing the risk of visual impairment.

Considering the observed associations of cancer and diabetes, both cause-and-effect relationship or confounding from common risk factors, we suggested that there may be a connection between cancer and the progression of diabetes complications.23,24 Elevated levels of tumor biomarkers were found in patients with certain types which reflected the carcinogenic status.25 On this basis, we collected the serum level of CA125 in patients with type 2 diabetes and examined possible associations between this tumor biomarker and the presence as well as severity of DR. Serum CA125 level was significantly related to the presence of DR in Chinese adult patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, when DR was analyzed categorically, a statistically significant association between CA125 level and different DR severity strata was also observed. CA125 level was exceedingly higher in participants with more advanced DR such as VTDR, and there was no difference in mild or moderate NPDR participants inversely. After using multiple adjusted models and accounting for clinical confounders, there was still an increasing trend of VTDR risk, accompanying with the improvement of CA125 quartiles. Therefore, it was speculated that elevated CA125 level was consider as an independent predictor for the presence of DR and VTDR. Serum CA125 is an easily assessed laboratory parameter in clinical practice and could be expected to become a potential indicator to early detection of DR, enabling the clinicians to make timely treatment, and prevent the development of vision impairment.

Previous study reported that CA125 was inversely associated with diabetes status and related variables.17 However, a research based on Chinese population illustrated that patients with diabetic foot and compound conditions expressed a higher serum CA125 level.18 While the relationship between DR and CA125 has not been explored till now. Pathological angiogenesis is the common characteristic of cancer and retinopathy.12 Our study illustrated that CA125 level was significantly higher in patients with DR, especially VTDR and the independent association was further confirmed. Consequently, the actual relationship between CA125 and the diabetic microvascular complication DR has not been explained fundamentally. Pathological angiogenesis is the common characteristic of cancer and retinopathy.26 Previous studies have discussed the potential mechanisms of serum CA125 elevation in cardiovascular diseases including chronic heart failure, atrial fibrillation, aortic stenosis, coronary heart disease, etc,27 and CA125 were produced from mesothelial cells mainly in response to inflammatory stimuli and fluid overload.25 Considering DR is a kind of hyperplastic lesion of micro-vessels, we put forward the theory that proliferative vessels might undergo similar process with above-mentioned cardiovascular diseases, such as vascular wall expansion and congestion, leading to overload of blood vessels. As for inflammation, a study on patients without ovarian tumor analyzed chronic clinical conditions, and CA125 was significantly higher in coronary heart disease and inflammatory bowel disease.28 Researchers discovered that those diseases would result in cytokine overexpression and activation, which may raise CA125.29 In a research on DR, obvious phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway was observed in microglial cells of retina, leading to polarization to M1 cell and triggering excessive inflammation Coincidently, CA125 synthesis is achieved through JNK signaling pathway of mesothelial cells.30 However, whether inflammation in retina associates with CA125 expression through the JNK pathway still needs further exploration. Potential signal pathway for the association between CA125 and DR was shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Potential mechanism of CA125 elevation in presence of DR inferred from cardiovascular diseases. Serum CA125 elevation in cardiovascular diseases was in response to inflammatory stimulation, cytokines overexpression including IL-6 and TNF-α and congestion or fluid overload. CA125 synthesis is achieved through JNK signaling pathway of mesothelial cells. Phosphorylation of JNK signaling pathway lead to polarization to M1 macrophage cell, trigger excessive inflammation, cytokines activation including IL-6 and TGF-β and cause vessel dilation and hyperplasia in microglial cells of retina. The potential mechanism of CA125 elevation in presence of DR may infer from cardiovascular disease as dotted lines.

Abbreviations: CA125, carbohydrate antigen 125; DR, diabetic retinopathy; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; M1, M1 macrophage cell; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.

The major strengths of this hospital-based, cross-sectional study included large sample sizes with comprehensive variables and objective categorizations for DR severity strata, which could improve the authenticity and reliability of our findings. Nevertheless, several potential limitations should be taken into account. First, the cross-sectional design of our study limited the causal interferon between tumor biomarkers levels and the presence of DR. Whether elevated CA125 levels lead to the development of DR or act as the consequence of DR were still unknown. Further prospective researches with a similar conception were required to validate the associations and elucidate the mechanisms. Second, differences in study methodologies, ascertainment and classification of DR and population characteristics, could lead to comparisons between studies. The assessment and monitoring of DR in this study was based on two-field fundus photographs and it may contribute to underestimation of the presence of low-grade DR, especially mild and moderate NPDR, if the pathological lesions were in the peripheral regions of retina. The highly sensitive seven-field fundus photographs, which have been used in several investigations including the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), can play a critical role in detecting a more accurate perception of development of DR. And it should be noted that serum CA125 was a non-specific marker, benign conditions would influence the expression level of serum CA125, we have included related condition in exclusion criteria, however other uncommon conditions might lead to limited deviation. Additionally, the individuals participating in our study were hospital-based Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. According to characteristic features, our findings might not be applicable to other ethnic and non-hospitalized patients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we provided evidences that serum CA125 level was associated with the prevalence and severity of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially VTDR. As a risk factor, CA125 level increased with the advanced DR severity in co-direction. The findings suggested that CA125 might be a reliable marker that represents metabolic states in the pathophysiology of retinopathy, as well as a possible predictor for monitoring DR or VTDR. Further prospective studies should be warranted to validate the feasible role of CA125 as well as other biomarkers and then elucidate related mechanisms of disease onset and development in DR.