Manure pretreatments with black soldier fly Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): A study to reduce pathogen content.

This study aim was to investigate the influence of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) on pathogenic bacteria (PB) survival in the chicken manure (CM), pig manure (PM), cow manure (COM) and sewage sludge (SS) compost. Three kinds of manure [chicken (T2), pig (T4) and cow (T6)] and SS (T8) were inoculated with BSFL (1.2:7 ratio on fresh weight basis) and without BSFL (T1, T3, T5 and T7) was used as control and experiment lasted for 9 days. The results indicated that BSFL amendment 90-93% of PB abundances (RAs) was significantly mitigate in CM and COM (T2 and T6), and 86-88% in PM and SS compost. However, relatively greater abundance of PB was recorded in the T4 and T8 treatments. Most of the PB belong to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes phylum and their community composition varied from phylum to species levels among the all treatments. The PB composition was significantly altered by BSFL amendment and also important role play to enhance in compost quality. Interestingly, Bacillus and Clostridium were significantly very less abundant present in BSFL applied treatments, but considerably higher population of these bacterial genus and its associated species were identifies from control or without BSFL applied treatments. Overall, without BSFL blended-all three kinds of manure-composts have comparatively greater PB abundance than with BSFL applied treatments, as the PB species Listeria_monocytogenes_FSL_R2-503, Staphylococcus_aureus_M0406, Bacillus_anthracis, Listeria_ivanovii, Staphylococcus_aureus_C0673, Salmonella Bacillus_cereus_VD115, Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_FJ05194 and Pseudomonas_aeruginosa has relatively greater RAs, followed by Bartonella_bacilliformis_Ver075; Bordetella_pertussis_2356847; Brucella_melitensis_ADMAS-G1; Klebsiella_pneumoniae_LCT-KP182 and Corynebacterium_jeikeium_K411 respectively. Thus, chicken manure composting with BSFL addition is efficient technology for the organic waste recycling and conversion of sanitized matured compost with significantly less abundance of pathogenic bacteria.