Roles of Plant-Specific Inserts in Plant Defense.

Ubiquitously expressed in plants, the plant-specific insert (PSI) of typical plant aspartic proteases (tpAPs) has been associated with plant development, stress response, and defense processes against invading pathogens. Despite sharing high sequence identity, structural studies revealed possible different mechanisms of action among species. The PSI induces signaling pathways of defense hormones in vivo and demonstrates broad-spectrum activity against phytopathogens in vitro. Recent characterization of the PSI-tpAP relationship uncovered novel, nonconventional intracellular protein transport pathways and improved tpAP production yields for industrial applications. In spite of research to date, relatively little is known about the structure-function relationships of PSIs. A comprehensive understanding of their biological roles may benefit plant protection strategies against virulent phytopathogens.