Vaccination in patients with chronic kidney disease-Review of current recommendations and recent advances.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), influenza, pneumococcus and herpes zoster are important infections which could result in significant morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). While seroconversion rates after vaccination are often lower in CKD patients compared with healthy adults due to impaired innate and adaptive immunity, vaccinations for HBV, influenza, pneumococcus and herpes zoster are generally effective in reducing the transmission and/or severity of these infections. Practical issues that have an impact on the efficacy of vaccination in the CKD population include the timing, dose, schedule of vaccination, the route of administration, and adjuncts applied at time of vaccination. This review discusses the vaccination regimens and the efficacy of HBV, influenza, pneumococcus and zoster vaccines in CKD patients, and highlights recent advances in enhancing vaccine seroconversion rates.