OBJECTIVE: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are defined as conditions in which chromosomal sex is inconsistent with phenotypic sex, or in which the phenotype is not classifiable as either male or female. Mutations in genes present in X, Y or autosomal chromosomes can cause abnormalities of testis determination or 46,XY DSD. Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH), also known as Leydig cell agenesis, is a rare autosomal recessive endocrine syndrome of 46,XY DSD. Our objective here is to present the case of a 27-year-old, phenotypic female who presented with primary amenorrhea and later found to have LCH. METHODS: We used formatted history and clinical examination followed by necessary hormonal investigations. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology of resected testes and genetic mutation analysis. RESULTS: The patient's physical examination was unremarkable except 2 ovoid lumps present in the inguinovulvar region. There were no müllerian structures on sonography. Estrogen and both basal and stimulated testosterone levels were low whereas luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were high. Her chromosomal sex was found to be 46,XY. The histopathology of the resected inguinal lumps showed atrophic testicular change lacking Leydig cells with relative preservation of Sertoli cells. Genetic mutation analysis failed to reveal any significant aberration in the LHCGR gene. At present she is on estrogen replacement therapy having undergone bilateral orchidectomy and vaginoplasty. CONCLUSION: LCH represents a unique example of diagnostic dilemma in gender identification. It requires a multidisciplinary approach for optimum outcome.
OBJECTIVE: Disorders of sex development (DSD) are defined as conditions in which chromosomal sex is inconsistent with phenotypic sex, or in which the phenotype is not classifiable as either male or female. Mutations in genes present in X, Y or autosomal chromosomes can cause abnormalities of testis determination or 46,XY DSD. Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH), also known as Leydig cell agenesis, is a rare autosomal recessive endocrine syndrome of 46,XY DSD. Our objective here is to present the case of a 27-year-old, phenotypic female who presented with primary amenorrhea and later found to have LCH. METHODS: We used formatted history and clinical examination followed by necessary hormonal investigations. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology of resected testes and genetic mutation analysis. RESULTS: The patient's physical examination was unremarkable except 2 ovoid lumps present in the inguinovulvar region. There were no müllerian structures on sonography. Estrogen and both basal and stimulated testosterone levels were low whereas luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were high. Her chromosomal sex was found to be 46,XY. The histopathology of the resected inguinal lumps showed atrophic testicular change lacking Leydig cells with relative preservation of Sertoli cells. Genetic mutation analysis failed to reveal any significant aberration in the LHCGR gene. At present she is on estrogen replacement therapy having undergone bilateral orchidectomy and vaginoplasty. CONCLUSION: LCH represents a unique example of diagnostic dilemma in gender identification. It requires a multidisciplinary approach for optimum outcome.
Authors: I J Arnhold; B B de Mendonça; S P Toledo; G Madureira; W Nicolau; H Bisi; W Bloise Journal: Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo Date: 1987 Sep-Oct
Authors: L Laue; S M Wu; M Kudo; A J Hsueh; G B Cutler; J E Griffin; J D Wilson; C Brain; A C Berry; D B Grant Journal: Hum Mol Genet Date: 1995-08 Impact factor: 6.150
Authors: J W M Martens; S Lumbroso; M Verhoef-Post; V Georget; A Richter-Unruh; M Szarras-Czapnik; T E Romer; H G Brunner; A P N Themmen; Ch Sultan Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2002-06 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: S M Wu; K M Hallermeier; L Laue; C Brain; A C Berry; D B Grant; J E Griffin; J D Wilson; G B Cutler; W Y Chan Journal: Mol Endocrinol Date: 1998-11