João Anselmo1, Carolina M Chaves1. 1. Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Portugal.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In previous publications, we have reported our findings demonstrating that exposure to high maternal levels of thyroid hormones (TH) has life-long effects on the wild-type (WT, without THRB mutation) progeny of mothers with resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTHβ). The mechanism of this epigenetic effect remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: We reviewed the mechanisms involved in the epigenetic regulation of TH target genes and understand how they may explain the reduced sensitivity to TH in the WT progeny of RTHβ mothers. METHODS: The availability of a large, formerly genotyped Azorean population with many individuals harboring the THRB mutation, R243Q, provided us a model to study the influence of fetal exposure to high maternal TH levels. RESULTS: The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response in WT adults was less suppressible following the administration of L-triiodothyronine (L-T<sub>3</sub>). This finding suggests reduced sensitivity to TH that is induced by an epigenetic mechanism resulting from exposure to high maternal levels of TH during pregnancy. The persistence of this effect across 3 generations of WT subjects favors transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Based on preliminary studies in mice, we identified the naturally imprinted gene encoding deiodinase type 3, i.e., DIO3, as a possible mediator of this epigenetic effect through increased inactivation of TH. CONCLUSION: Increased D3 expression and consequently increased T<sub>3</sub> degradation appear to be responsible for the reduced sensitivity of the anterior pituitary to administered L-T<sub>3</sub>. The imprinted DIO3 gene may be a candidate gene that mediates the epigenetic effect induced by exposure to high maternal levels of TH. However, we cannot exclude the role of other TH-responsive genes.
BACKGROUND: In previous publications, we have reported our findings demonstrating that exposure to high maternal levels of thyroid hormones (TH) has life-long effects on the wild-type (WT, without THRB mutation) progeny of mothers with resistance to thyroid hormone beta (RTHβ). The mechanism of this epigenetic effect remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: We reviewed the mechanisms involved in the epigenetic regulation of TH target genes and understand how they may explain the reduced sensitivity to TH in the WT progeny of RTHβ mothers. METHODS: The availability of a large, formerly genotyped Azorean population with many individuals harboring the THRB mutation, R243Q, provided us a model to study the influence of fetal exposure to high maternal TH levels. RESULTS: The thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) response in WT adults was less suppressible following the administration of L-triiodothyronine (L-T<sub>3</sub>). This finding suggests reduced sensitivity to TH that is induced by an epigenetic mechanism resulting from exposure to high maternal levels of TH during pregnancy. The persistence of this effect across 3 generations of WT subjects favors transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Based on preliminary studies in mice, we identified the naturally imprinted gene encoding deiodinase type 3, i.e., DIO3, as a possible mediator of this epigenetic effect through increased inactivation of TH. CONCLUSION: Increased D3 expression and consequently increased T<sub>3</sub> degradation appear to be responsible for the reduced sensitivity of the anterior pituitary to administered L-T<sub>3</sub>. The imprinted DIO3 gene may be a candidate gene that mediates the epigenetic effect induced by exposure to high maternal levels of TH. However, we cannot exclude the role of other TH-responsive genes.
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