CYP71BL9, the missing link in costunolide synthesis of sunflower.

Despite intensive research in recent years, the biosynthetic route to costunolide in sunflower so far remained obscured. Additional P450 sequences from public sunflower transcriptomic database were screened to search for candidate enzymes which are able to introduce the 6α-hydroxy-group required for the esterification with the carboxy group of germacarane A acid, the final step in costunolide formation. CYP71BL9, a new P450 enzyme from sunflower was shown to catalyze this hydroxylation, hence being identified as HaCOS. Phylogentically, HaCOS is closer related to HaG8H than to any other known costunolide synthase in Asteraceae.The enzyme was successfully employed to reconstruct the sunflower biosynthesis of costunolide in transformed tobacco. Contrary, in yeast, only minor amounts of sesquiterpene lactone was produced, while 5-hydroxyfarnesylic acid was formed instead. HaCOS in combination with HaG8H produced 8β-hydroxycostunolide (eupatolide) in transformed plants, thus indicating that sunflower possesses two independent modes of eupatolide synthesis via HaCOS and via HaES. The lack of HaCOS expression and of costunolide in trichomes suggests that the enzyme triggers the costunolied synthesis of the inner tissues of sunflower and might be linked to growth regulation processes.