First Report of De Novo Nivolumab-Induced Oligoarthritis in a Young Man With Relapsing Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma.

To the Editor:

We recently read with great interest the article by Jatwani et al, describing the case of a 65-old woman who experienced psoriatic arthritis (PsA) after 12 weeks of nivolumab (N) therapy for non–small cell lung cancer.[1]

Here we report, for the first time, a de novo onset of seronegative oligoartritis in a white young man treated with N for classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL).

In March 2016, a 29-year-old male patient exhibited yet another relapse of a refractory cHL, which previously failed first-, second-, and third-line standard therapies, as well as the autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

He thus started an N-monotherapy (3 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks), reaching a cHL remission at the minimum follow-up period of 6 months, as determined by the restaging imaging.[2] Because of the integrated efficacy and safety profile in this patient, hematologists kept the N-treatment.

In November 2017, after 18 months from the beginning of the N-therapy, the patient referred to our clinic, presenting rapidly progressive arthritis of the right knee and ankles. Increased levels of acute-phase reactants (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 36 mm/h; C-reactive protein, 78 mg/L) were revealed, whereas no abnormalities in antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, and serum uric acid occurred. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the right knee showed an active synovitis with fluid distension of the joint capsule and intra-articular effusion (Fig.). MRI of the ankles documented intra-articular effusion and inflammatory changes of the posterior tibial tendons, being representative of acute tenosynovitis. These pathological features were suggestive for an oligoarticular PsA sine psoriasis (PsO). The disease activity score index for PsA (DAPSA) suggested a moderate-high disease severity (DAPSA, 25). According to the hematological consultation, N-therapy was discontinued and methylprednisolone (MP) was introduced (48 mg/d orally), resulting in a disease remission in a month (DAPSA, 4). MP was tapered by 10% of the dose once every 2 weeks, up to a 16 mg/d dose. The restaging scans concurrently documented a stable cHL remission. After 1 week of 16 mg/d MP dose, swollen and pain of knees, ankles, and elbows occurred, registering high disease activity (DAPSA, 27). Methotrexate (MTX) was thus added to therapy (15 mg subcutaneously, once a week). After 4 weeks of MTX, a disease remission was reached (DAPSA, 4) and MP lowering was successfully performed. Owing to a cHL stable remission, hematologists did not reintroduce N-therapy.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of right knee at onset of arthritis. MRI (contrast-enhanced T1W fat-suppressed spin-echo image) of the right knee showing extensive effusive synovitis involving the tibiofemoral joint space (arrows) as well as synovial thickening (arrowheads).

Currently, the young patient is still in complete remission of both cHL and oligoarthritis, while being treated with MTX (15 mg/wk) and low-dose MP (4 mg/d).

This is the first report describing the occurrence of a seronegative oligoarthritis sine PsO in a young male undergoing N-treatment for relapsing cHL. Differently from the few related reports describing N-induced PsA, our patient is not 64 years or older, and he is not affected by lung cancer with occasionally clinically overt PsO.[1,3,4] Moreover, our case indicates that an N-induced de novo arthritis can occur very late after the beginning of N-treatment[5,6] and can persist despite N-discontinuation.[4,7] In our patient, we hypothesize that N-induced Th17 upregulation resulted in an imbalance of proinflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to the onset of the arthritis.[8] In addition, the onset of oligoarthritis was associated with the cHL remission, suggesting that the induction of inflammatory arthritis may correlate with the antitumor activity.[4] However, the arthritis persisted after N-discontinuation, requiring disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy: in this context, the persistence of the therapeutic effects after the discontinuation cannot be predicted.