Emerging technologies for systems vaccinology - multi-omics integration and single-cell (epi)genomic profiling.

Systems vaccinology leverages high-throughput 'omics' technologies, such as transcriptomics, metabolomics, and mass cytometry, coupled with computational approaches to construct a global map of the complex processes that occur during an immune response to vaccination. Its goal is to define the mechanisms of protective immunity and to identify cellular and molecular correlates of vaccine efficacy. Emerging technological advances including integration of multi-omics datasets, and single-cell genomic and epigenomic profiling of immune responses, have invigorated systems vaccinology, and provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the cellular and molecular information underlying immune memory is stored in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Here, we will review these emerging directions in systems vaccinology, with a particular focus on the epigenome, and its impact on modulating vaccination induced memory in the innate and adaptive immune systems.