Simone H Crouch1, Shani Botha-Le Roux1,2, Christian Delles3, Lesley A Graham4, Aletta E Schutte5,6,7. 1. Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. 2. MRC Research Unit: Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. 3. Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Christian.Delles@glasgow.ac.uk. 4. Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. 5. Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. a.schutte@unsw.edu.au. 6. MRC Research Unit: Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. a.schutte@unsw.edu.au. 7. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia. a.schutte@unsw.edu.au.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Low-grade inflammation and a diet high in salt are both established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. High potassium (K+) intake was found to counter increase in blood pressure due to high salt intake and may potentially also have protective anti-inflammatory effects. To better understand these interactions under normal physiological conditions, we investigated the relationships between 22 inflammatory mediators with 24-h urinary K+ in young healthy adults stratified by low, medium and high salt intake (salt tertiles). We stratified by ethnicity due to potential salt sensitivity in black populations. METHODS: In 991 healthy black (N = 457) and white (N = 534) adults, aged 20-30 years, with complete data for 24-h urinary sodium and K+, we analysed blood samples for 22 inflammatory mediators. RESULTS: We found no differences in inflammatory mediators between low-, mid- and high-sodium tertiles in either the black or white groups. In multivariable-adjusted regression analyses in white adults, we found only in the lowest salt tertile that K+ associated negatively with pro-inflammatory mediators, namely interferon gamma, interleukin (IL) -7, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-23 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (all p ≤ 0.046). In the black population, we found no independent associations between K+ and any inflammatory mediator. CONCLUSION: In healthy white adults, 24-h urinary K+ associated independently and negatively with specific pro-inflammatory mediators, but only in those with a daily salt intake less than 6.31 g, suggesting K+ to play a protective, anti-inflammatory role in a low-sodium environment. No similar associations were found in young healthy black adults.
PURPOSE: Low-grade inflammation and a diet high in salt are both established risk factors for cardiovascular disease. High potassium (K+) intake was found to counter increase in blood pressure due to high salt intake and may potentially also have protective anti-inflammatory effects. To better understand these interactions under normal physiological conditions, we investigated the relationships between 22 inflammatory mediators with 24-h urinary K+ in young healthy adults stratified by low, medium and high salt intake (salt tertiles). We stratified by ethnicity due to potential salt sensitivity in black populations. METHODS: In 991 healthy black (N = 457) and white (N = 534) adults, aged 20-30 years, with complete data for 24-h urinary sodium and K+, we analysed blood samples for 22 inflammatory mediators. RESULTS: We found no differences in inflammatory mediators between low-, mid- and high-sodium tertiles in either the black or white groups. In multivariable-adjusted regression analyses in white adults, we found only in the lowest salt tertile that K+ associated negatively with pro-inflammatory mediators, namely interferon gamma, interleukin (IL) -7, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-23 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (all p ≤ 0.046). In the black population, we found no independent associations between K+ and any inflammatory mediator. CONCLUSION: In healthy white adults, 24-h urinary K+ associated independently and negatively with specific pro-inflammatory mediators, but only in those with a daily salt intake less than 6.31 g, suggesting K+ to play a protective, anti-inflammatory role in a low-sodium environment. No similar associations were found in young healthy black adults.
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