Yvette Z Szabo1,2,3, Tessa Breeding4, Christina Hejl1, Rakeshwar S Guleria1,5, Steven M Nelson1,4,6, Laura Zambrano-Vazquez1,2,4. 1. Department of Veterans Affairs, VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA. 3. Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA. 4. Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA. 5. Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA. 6. Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
Abstract
Objective: Alcohol use and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are an increasing concern among veterans, particularly those from recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The study of biomarkers in alcohol use and AUD has moved to enhancing the understanding of the development and maintenance of AUDs, as well as investigating its association with clinical severity and potential predictors of treatment response. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid known as a stress hormone, has been linked with both stress and trauma, as well as increased alcohol suppression effects. Method/ Results: The present review summarizes existing literature and presents suggestions for future research to evaluate whether cortisol may be a possible biomarker of alcohol use disorder risk in combat veterans. Specifically, aspects of combat deployments and high levels of PTSD, coupled with the stress of reintegration may dysregulate cortisol and increase risk to AUD. There may also be bidirectional impacts, such that alcohol is used as a coping mechanism and can dysregulate hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning and cortisol. Conclusions: In the context of this framework, cortisol may serve as a biomarker for the development of AUD, as well as a biomarker of risk or relapse. This review ends with both theoretical and clinical implications, as well as directions for future research.
Objective: Alcohol use and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are an increasing concern among veterans, particularly those from recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The study of biomarkers in alcohol use and AUD has moved to enhancing the understanding of the development and maintenance of AUDs, as well as investigating its association with clinical severity and potential predictors of treatment response. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid known as a stress hormone, has been linked with both stress and trauma, as well as increased alcohol suppression effects. Method/ Results: The present review summarizes existing literature and presents suggestions for future research to evaluate whether cortisol may be a possible biomarker of alcohol use disorder risk in combat veterans. Specifically, aspects of combat deployments and high levels of PTSD, coupled with the stress of reintegration may dysregulate cortisol and increase risk to AUD. There may also be bidirectional impacts, such that alcohol is used as a coping mechanism and can dysregulate hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning and cortisol. Conclusions: In the context of this framework, cortisol may serve as a biomarker for the development of AUD, as well as a biomarker of risk or relapse. This review ends with both theoretical and clinical implications, as well as directions for future research.
Authors: S Trautmann; S Schönfeld; S Behrendt; A Heinrich; M Höfler; S Siegel; P Zimmermann; H-U Wittchen Journal: Drug Alcohol Depend Date: 2014-11-30 Impact factor: 4.492
Authors: Robert D Dvorak; Emily M Sargent; Tess M Kilwein; Brittany L Stevenson; Nicholas J Kuvaas; Thomas J Williams Journal: Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse Date: 2014-03 Impact factor: 3.829
Authors: Edna B Foa; David A Yusko; Carmen P McLean; Michael K Suvak; Donald A Bux; David Oslin; Charles P O'Brien; Patricia Imms; David S Riggs; Joseph Volpicelli Journal: JAMA Date: 2013-08-07 Impact factor: 56.272