Carl J Lavie1, Cemal Ozemek2, Sherry L Grace3. 1. The John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Electronic address: clavie@ochsner.org. 2. Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. 3. School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University and KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University of Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.