Kathryn Graham1,2,3, Sharon Bernards1, Katherine J Karriker-Jaffe4, Sandra Kuntsche5, Anne-Marie Laslett3,5, Gerhard Gmel1,6,7,8, Sarah Callinan5, Oliver Stanesby5,9, Samantha Wells2,10,11,12,13. 1. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada. 2. Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 3. National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia. 4. Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, USA. 5. Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. 6. Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland. 7. Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausannee, Lausanne, Switzerland. 8. University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. 9. Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia. 10. Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada. 11. Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. 12. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, Canada. 13. School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: To better understand the relationship between alcohol consumption and living with children, we assessed whether the association varied for men and women across diverse countries and whether this relationship was moderated by country-level gender inequality. DESIGN AND METHODS: We used Hierarchical Linear Modelling to analyse data from 32 surveys conducted in 27 countries. Measures included whether the participant was a drinker versus abstainer in past 12 months, annual number of drinks consumed, whether the respondent lived with children, gender (male/female) and age of respondent, and country-level gender inequality measured using the Gender Inequality Index. RESULTS: Annual drinks consumed was significantly lower for women living with children. Men living with children were generally more likely to be drinkers, and the relationship between annual consumption and living with children was moderated by cultural gender equality: specifically, men in countries with higher gender equality drank less if they lived with children while the association for men in lower equality countries was nonsignificant. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Although lower alcohol consumption was found generally for women living with children, this relationship was found only for men in countries where there was more gender equality. Given the high risk of harm to children from heavy consumption by adults with whom they live, prevention efforts need to strengthen prevention of heavy consumption by parents and other who live with children, especially for men who live with children in low gender equality countries.
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: To better understand the relationship between alcohol consumption and living with children, we assessed whether the association varied for men and women across diverse countries and whether this relationship was moderated by country-level gender inequality. DESIGN AND METHODS: We used Hierarchical Linear Modelling to analyse data from 32 surveys conducted in 27 countries. Measures included whether the participant was a drinker versus abstainer in past 12 months, annual number of drinks consumed, whether the respondent lived with children, gender (male/female) and age of respondent, and country-level gender inequality measured using the Gender Inequality Index. RESULTS: Annual drinks consumed was significantly lower for women living with children. Men living with children were generally more likely to be drinkers, and the relationship between annual consumption and living with children was moderated by cultural gender equality: specifically, men in countries with higher gender equality drank less if they lived with children while the association for men in lower equality countries was nonsignificant. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Although lower alcohol consumption was found generally for women living with children, this relationship was found only for men in countries where there was more gender equality. Given the high risk of harm to children from heavy consumption by adults with whom they live, prevention efforts need to strengthen prevention of heavy consumption by parents and other who live with children, especially for men who live with children in low gender equality countries.
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