Recent progress in immunosensors for pesticides.

Immunosensors for rapid detection of pesticide residues has attracted considerable interest in the past few years for healthcare and environmental monitoring. And the publications have grown exponentially over the past decades, making it a trending hot-spot. Therefore, this review first examines the current situation regarding pesticide residue in various foods, feeds, traditional Chinese medicines and environmental samples. Then, the primary focus is on the recent development of the proposed immunosensors for pesticide detection in the past five years, with particular emphasis on the fluorescence, colorimetric, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical and piezoelectric sensors. Beyond a highlight of the real-world application and advantages of these emerging immunosensors for pesticide inspection, this paper also discusses their potential limits and current challenges, as well as future perspectives. This review will provide powerful insights to researchers for the future development of immunosensors, as well as their broader application in different fields, such as analytical chemistry, food safety control, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.