| Literature DB >> 32476694 |
Edgar Iván Ortiz1,2,3, Enrique Herrera1, Alejandro De La Torre4.
Abstract
This article reviews critical aspects that have had an impact on the implementation of epidemiological surveillance of extreme maternal morbidity, as a tracer event of quality maternal care at population and institutional level; taking into account that maternal mortality has been usually monitored, and its analysis allows interventions to avoid maternal death. Until 2015, very few countries had been able to meet the goals established in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially MDG 5 - improving maternal health. As of today, it is observed that maternal mortality rate is quite heterogeneous, with rates from 1 case per 100,000 live births in developed countries, to more than 100 cases per 100,000 live births in developing countries. Therefore, complementary strategies such as surveillance of the extreme maternal morbidity could offer a more effective alternative to identify and implement interventions that allow us to prevent mortality and strengthen the quality of obstetric care. In addition, the importance of extreme maternal morbidity as a quality tracer event is that, unlike what is observed with maternal mortality, this is an event that occurs more frequently, is anticipatory of death, and the surviving pregnant woman is the primary source of information.Entities:
Keywords: Maternal Health Services; Maternal health; Maternal mortality; Postpartum care; Pregnancy complications/mortality; extreme maternal morbidity; health services; pregnancy
Year: 2019 PMID: 32476694 PMCID: PMC7232947 DOI: 10.25100/cm.v50i4.4197
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Colomb Med (Cali) ISSN: 0120-8322
Criteria for identifying an event as “Maternal Near Miss” (MNM).
| Clinical criteria | Laboratory criteria | Pregnant women management criteria |
|---|---|---|
| Acute cyanosis | O2 saturation <90% for more than 60 minutes | Hysterectomy after infection or bleeding |
| Panting | Pao2/Fio2 <200 mmHg | Continuous use of vasoactive drugs |
| Respiratory rate >40 o <6 bpm | Creatinine >300 lmol/mL ó >3.5 mg/dL | Cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| Shock | Bilirubin >100 lmol/L ó >6.0 mg/dL | Dialysis for acute kidney failure |
| Cardiac arrest | pH <7.1 | Any non-anesthetic intubation or ventilation |
| Oliguria does not respond to fluids or diuretics (<30 ml/h for 4 hours) | Lactate >5 mmol/L | Transfusion of> 5 units of blood or red blood cells |
| Any loss of consciousness for more than 12 hours | Acute Thrombocytopenia (< 50,000 platelets) | |
| Stroke | ||
| Uncontrollable epileptic status | ||
| Total paralysis | ||
| Jaundice in the presence of preeclampsia | ||
| Coagulation failure |
Source: Say et al .
High predictive value criteria for the identification of a case as "Maternal Near Miss"
| Clinical Parameters | Laboratory Parameters | Conditions | Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|
| Altered state of consciousness | Creatinine ≥1.2 mg/dL | Placental accretion | Admission to ICU Laparotomy (Excluding Cesarean Section) |
| Oliguria | Platelets count <100,000/mL | Pulmonary Edema | Administration of blood products. |
| Seizures | Transaminases ≥70 U/L | HELLP Syndrome, Sepsis | Use of uterotonics |
Source: De Mucio et al
Figure 1Organizational model of causality of clinical incidents. (Translated with modifications of the document System Analysis of clinical incidents: the London protocol ).
Criterios para la identificación de un evento como “Maternal Near Miss” (MNM).
| Criterios clínicos | Criterios de laboratorio | Criterios de manejo de gestante |
|---|---|---|
| Cianosis aguda | Saturación de O2 <90% durante más de 60 minutos | Histerectomía después de una infección o una hemorragia |
| Jadeo | Pao2/Fio2 <200 mmHg | Uso de drogas vasoactivas continuas |
| Tasa respiratoria >40 o <6 bpm | Creatinina >300 lmol/mL ó >3.5 mg/dL | Reanimación cardiopulmonar |
| Shock | Bilirrubina >100 lmol/L ó >6.0 mg/dL | Diálisis para la insuficiencia renal aguda |
| Paro cardíaco | pH <7.1 | Cualquier intubación o ventilación no anestésica |
| La oliguria no responde a los fluidos o a los diuréticos (<30 mL/h durante 4 horas) | Lactato >5 mmol/L | Transfusión de >5 unidades de sangre o glóbulos rojos |
| Cualquier pérdida de conciencia por más de 12 horas | Trombocitopenia aguda (<50,000 plaquetas) | |
| Apoplejía (ACV) | ||
| Estado epiléptico incontrolable | ||
| Parálisis Total | ||
| Ictericia en presencia de preeclampsia | ||
| Falla en la coagulación |
: Say et al
Criterios de alto valor predictivo para la identificación de un caso como “Maternal Near Miss”.
| Parámetros clínicos | Parámetros de laboratorio | Condiciones | Intervención |
|---|---|---|---|
| Estado alterado de conciencia | Creatinina ≥1.2 mg/dL | Acretismo placentario | Admisión a la UCI Laparotomía (Excluyendo cesárea) |
| Oliguria | Conteo de Plaquetas <100,000/mL | Edema pulmonar | Administración de hemoderivados. |
| Convulsiones | Transaminasas ≥70 U/L | Síndrome HELLP Sepsis | Uso de uterotónicos |
Figura 1Modelo organizacional de causalidad de incidentes clínicos. (Traducción con modificaciones del documento System Analysis of clinical incidents: the London protocol ).
|
|
| This article was written because after 20 years, extreme maternal morbidity has not been used in Latin America as a tracer event for the quality of obstetric care. Efforts have focused on defining the event and unifying the criteria for the identification of the pregnant woman who has an extreme maternal morbidity. |
|
|
| The article offers a review of the history of the event, since it was described by Dr. Say of the WHO, the changes over time and describes the difficulties for its proper use, which allow, from its analysis, to identify actions effective aimed at reducing maternal mortality. |
|
|
| This publication proposes for the first time in the literature to focus the analysis of the event on the quality and safety of care, using a novel methodology for those who perform epidemiological surveillance of the event, based on the organizational model of causality of errors and adverse events. In addition, it recommends the criteria that, according to the evidence, are the most appropriate to identify a pregnant woman with extreme maternal morbidity. |
| Después de 20 años, La morbilidad materna extrema no se ha utilizado en América Latina como un evento de seguimiento para la calidad de la atención obstétrica. Los esfuerzos se han centrado en definir el evento y unificar los criterios para la identificación de la mujer embarazada que tiene una morbilidad materna extrema. |
| El artículo ofrece una revisión de la historia del evento, los cambios a lo largo del tiempo y las dificultades para su uso adecuado, que permiten su análisis e identificar acciones efectivas destinadas a la reducción de la mortalidad materna. |
| Se propone por primera vez enfocar el análisis del evento en la calidad y seguridad de la atención, basada en el modelo organizacional de causalidad de errores y efectos adversos, utilizando una metodología novedosa para quienes realizan la vigilancia epidemiológica del evento. Además, se recomiendan los criterios que, según la evidencia, son los más apropiados para identificar a una mujer embarazada con morbilidad materna extrema. |