Duy Do1. 1. Population Studies Center, The Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: duydo@upenn.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: To assess the association between the implementation of Medicare Part D and the use of outpatient prescription opioids. METHODS: Nationally representative data on community-dwelling adults aged 60-69 came from the 2000-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (N = 26,545). A difference-in-differences approach was used to compare opioid use between Medicare eligible (ages 66-69) and Medicare ineligible (ages 60-64) adults before and after the introduction of Part D in 2006, while controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors for opioid use, and secular trends. RESULTS: Medicare Part D was associated with a small and statistically non-significant increase in the number of outpatient prescription opioids filled in a year (coefficient, 0.03; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0.13), in the amount of morphine milligrams equivalents (coefficient, 113.23; 95% CI, -25.47 to 251.93), and in the odds of using any prescription opioid (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.26). There was no evidence for a heterogeneous effect of Part D across subgroups. The results were robust to the impacts of the 2007-2009 recession, the spillover effect of the Affordable Care Act, and the anticipation effect of Part D. DISCUSSION: Although policymakers suggested that gaining access to medical care as a result of insurance expansion might have fueled the opioid epidemic, this paper found limited evidence to support this claim. While Part D took effect more than a decade ago, its long-term implication for opioid use is still relevant for the recent opioid epidemic and future health insurance expansions such as the proposed Medicare-for-all initiative.
BACKGROUND: To assess the association between the implementation of Medicare Part D and the use of outpatient prescription opioids. METHODS: Nationally representative data on community-dwelling adults aged 60-69 came from the 2000-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) (N = 26,545). A difference-in-differences approach was used to compare opioid use between Medicare eligible (ages 66-69) and Medicare ineligible (ages 60-64) adults before and after the introduction of Part D in 2006, while controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, risk factors for opioid use, and secular trends. RESULTS: Medicare Part D was associated with a small and statistically non-significant increase in the number of outpatient prescription opioids filled in a year (coefficient, 0.03; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0.13), in the amount of morphine milligrams equivalents (coefficient, 113.23; 95% CI, -25.47 to 251.93), and in the odds of using any prescription opioid (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.26). There was no evidence for a heterogeneous effect of Part D across subgroups. The results were robust to the impacts of the 2007-2009 recession, the spillover effect of the Affordable Care Act, and the anticipation effect of Part D. DISCUSSION: Although policymakers suggested that gaining access to medical care as a result of insurance expansion might have fueled the opioid epidemic, this paper found limited evidence to support this claim. While Part D took effect more than a decade ago, its long-term implication for opioid use is still relevant for the recent opioid epidemic and future health insurance expansions such as the proposed Medicare-for-all initiative.