Myoungsoon You1, Youngkee Ju2. 1. Department of Health Science in the Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 2. Media School, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: youngj@hallym.ac.kr.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Embitterment is an emotional state as a reaction to negative life events and is characterized as a nagging and burning feeling of being let down, insulted, or being a loser, and of being revengeful but helpless. There have been few studies concerning embitterment dynamics. This study aims to test a structural equation model for embitterment dynamics by examining likely factors that could have contributed to feelings of embitterment. METHODS: A total of 2024 South Koreans completed Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale and Bern Embitterment Inventory, as well as the scales of belief in a just world (BJW), negative life events, and social support. RESULTS: Experiencing more negative life events was connected to a higher level of embitterment, whereas having more social supports decreased embitterment. As an indirect effect, BJW showed the most powerful influence on embitterment and BJW itself was reduced or increased either by negative life events or social support, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Although some significant influences on embitterment were examined, other aspects that include individual characteristics (self-efficacy, trust, political orientation, and media use) await examination. CONCLUSIONS: The level of embitterment was affected by BJW, social support, and negative life events, which suggests points of possible intervention.
BACKGROUND: Embitterment is an emotional state as a reaction to negative life events and is characterized as a nagging and burning feeling of being let down, insulted, or being a loser, and of being revengeful but helpless. There have been few studies concerning embitterment dynamics. This study aims to test a structural equation model for embitterment dynamics by examining likely factors that could have contributed to feelings of embitterment. METHODS: A total of 2024 South Koreans completed Post-Traumatic Embitterment Disorder Self-Rating Scale and Bern Embitterment Inventory, as well as the scales of belief in a just world (BJW), negative life events, and social support. RESULTS: Experiencing more negative life events was connected to a higher level of embitterment, whereas having more social supports decreased embitterment. As an indirect effect, BJW showed the most powerful influence on embitterment and BJW itself was reduced or increased either by negative life events or social support, respectively. LIMITATIONS: Although some significant influences on embitterment were examined, other aspects that include individual characteristics (self-efficacy, trust, political orientation, and media use) await examination. CONCLUSIONS: The level of embitterment was affected by BJW, social support, and negative life events, which suggests points of possible intervention.