The significant impact of mechanically-induced phase transformation on cellular functionality of biomedical austenitic stainless steel.

The implant surface and tissue experience strain when micro-motion occurs at the bone-implant interface under physiological loading. Moreover, strain is also introduced on the surface during mechanical processing of biomedical devices. Both these situations can induce phase transformation depending on the degree of stability of the microstructural constituents. In this regard, we elucidate here the interplay between mechanically-induced phase transformation (strain-induced martensite) in austenitic stainless steel on osteoblast functions. Strain-induced martensite significantly impacted cellular functions, notably, cell attachment, cell-surface interactions, proliferation, and synthesis of prominent proteins (fibronectin, actin, and vinculin). Strain-induced martensite favorably modulated cellular activity and contributed to small differences in hydrophilicity in relation to the non-strained austenitic stainless steel surface. The study provides a pathway for tuning biological functionality via microstructural control facilitated by mechanical strain.