Corey A Rynders1,2, Sarah J Morton3, Daniel H Bessesen4,5,6, Kenneth P Wright4,7, Josiane L Broussard2,3,4,7. 1. Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 2. Center for Women's Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 3. Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. 4. Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 5. Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA. 6. Division of Endocrinology, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA. 7. Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The circadian system provides an organism with the ability to anticipate daily food availability and appropriately coordinate metabolic responses. Few studies have simultaneously assessed factors involved in both the anticipation of energy availability (i.e., hormones involved in appetite regulation) and subsequent metabolic responses (such as energy expenditure and substrate oxidation) under conditions designed to reveal circadian rhythmicity. METHODS: Eight healthy adults (four females; age: 28.0 ± 2.3 years; BMI: 24.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2 ) participated in a 26-hour constant routine protocol involving continuous wakefulness with constant posture, temperature, dim light, and hourly isocaloric snacks. Indirect calorimetry was performed every 3 hours for measurement of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Subjective hunger was obtained hourly using questionnaires. Saliva and plasma were obtained hourly to assess melatonin (circadian phase marker) and hormones (leptin, ghrelin, and peptide YY). RESULTS: Fat and carbohydrate oxidation was highest in the biological evening and morning, respectively. Subjective hunger ratings peaked during the middle of the biological day. Significant circadian rhythms were identified for ghrelin and peptide YY with peaks in the biological evening and morning, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support a role for the circadian system in the modulation of nutrient oxidation, subjective measures of appetite, and appetitive hormones.
OBJECTIVE: The circadian system provides an organism with the ability to anticipate daily food availability and appropriately coordinate metabolic responses. Few studies have simultaneously assessed factors involved in both the anticipation of energy availability (i.e., hormones involved in appetite regulation) and subsequent metabolic responses (such as energy expenditure and substrate oxidation) under conditions designed to reveal circadian rhythmicity. METHODS: Eight healthy adults (four females; age: 28.0 ± 2.3 years; BMI: 24.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2 ) participated in a 26-hour constant routine protocol involving continuous wakefulness with constant posture, temperature, dim light, and hourly isocaloric snacks. Indirect calorimetry was performed every 3 hours for measurement of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Subjective hunger was obtained hourly using questionnaires. Saliva and plasma were obtained hourly to assess melatonin (circadian phase marker) and hormones (leptin, ghrelin, and peptide YY). RESULTS:Fat and carbohydrate oxidation was highest in the biological evening and morning, respectively. Subjective hunger ratings peaked during the middle of the biological day. Significant circadian rhythms were identified for ghrelin and peptide YY with peaks in the biological evening and morning, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support a role for the circadian system in the modulation of nutrient oxidation, subjective measures of appetite, and appetitive hormones.
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