| Literature DB >> 32463617 |
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences that adopt unique three-dimensional structures that allow them to recognize a specific target with high affinity. They can potentially be used for the diagnosis of diseases, as new therapeutic agents, for the detection of food risks, as biosensors, for the detection of toxins, and as drug carriers and nanoparticle markers, among other applications. To date, an aptamer called pegaptanib is the only aptamer approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for commercial use. Other aptamers are in different clinical stages of development for the treatment of different diseases. In parasitology, investigations carried out with parasites such as Leishmania spp. allowed the acquisition of aptamers that recognize the polyA-binding protein LiPABP and may have potential applications in research and diagnosis and even as therapeutic agents. Regarding malaria, aptamers have been obtained that allow the identification of infected erythrocytes or inhibit the formation of rosettes, along with those that provide promising alternatives for diagnosis by specifically detecting the protein lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH). In Cryptosporidium parvum allow the detection of oocysts in contaminated food or water. In Entamoeba histolytica, two aptamers called C4 and C5, which inhibit the proliferation of trophozoites in vitro and have potential use as therapeutic agents, have been isolated. Aptamers obtained against Trypanosoma cruzi inhibit the invasion of LLC-MK2 (from monkey kidney) cells by 50-70%, and in T. brucei, aptamers with the potential to transport toxic molecules to the parasitic lysosome were identified as a novel therapeutic strategy.Entities:
Keywords: aptamers; nucleotide; peptide; SELEX aptamer technique; antibodies; monoclonal; parasitology; malaria; leishmaniasis; tripanosomiasis; amebiasis
Mesh:
Substances:
Year: 2020 PMID: 32463617 PMCID: PMC7449109 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.4765
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Biomedica ISSN: 0120-4157 Impact factor: 0.935
Figura 1Los aptámeros se han usado, principalmente, para crear nuevos tipos de medicamentos, herramientas terapéuticas y plataformas para diagnosticar enfermedades, y en investigación, como detectores de moléculas en imágenes biológicas y como transportadores en la entrega de medicamentos.
Figura 2A) Línea de tiempo de publicaciones que contienen el término aptámero. Se realizó la búsqueda del término “aptamer” en PubMed. Los resultados se grafican como número de publicaciones por año desde 1992 hasta 2018. B) Patentes solicitadas que contienen el término aptámero. Los resultados se grafican como número de publicaciones por año desde 1992 hasta 2018.
Figura 3Técnica SELEX básica compuesta de cuatro pasos. 1) Incubación: la librería previamente diseñada es puesta en contacto con las moléculas blanco. 2) Selección: separación de los aptámeros que se unen a las moléculas blanco y descarte de aquellos que no lo hacen. 3) Amplificación: mediante PCR se obtienen múltiples copias de los aptámeros seleccionados. Se repiten los pasos 1, 2 y 3 hasta obtener aptámeros con gran afinidad y especificidad. 4) Clonación y secuenciación: una vez obtenidos los aptámeros afines, se clonan y se secuencian para conocer su composición de nucleótidos.
Figura 4Variedad de blancos reconocidos por los aptámeros. La escala de tamaños muestra la capacidad de los aptámeros de reconocer moléculas que van desde 0,1 nm hasta otras más complejas, de 100 µm.
Ventajas y desventajas de los aptámeros
| Aptámeros | |
|---|---|
| Ventajas | Desventajas |
| • No requieren modelos biológicos. | • Su desarrollo apenas comienza. |
| • Tiempo de producción breve (1 a 3 meses) | • Farmacocinética variable |
| • Fácil de escalar | • Proclives a filtración renal |
| • Pueden modificarse químicamente para evitar degradación. | • Corta vida media |
| • Largo tiempo de almacenamiento a temperatura ambiente | |
| • Se unen a una amplia variedad de blancos inmunógenos y no inmunógenos. | • Los aptámeros no modificados químicamente se degradan fácilmente en el suero. |
| • Menor tamaño para acceder a tejidos o células (12-15 kDa) | |
| • Bajo costo de producción | • La técnica SELEX está protegida bajo condiciones de propiedad intelectual. |
| • La síntesis química disminuye la variabilidad entre lotes. | |
| •La secuencia de nucleótidos se almacena para posteriores producciones. | |
| • Especificidad y afinidad iguales o mejores que las de los anticuerpos monoclonales | |
| • La patente de la técnica SELEX expiró en el 2013. |
Aptámeros en fases de desarrollo clínico
| Aptámero | Blanco | Enfermedad | Fase clínica |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pegaptanib™ (Pfizer) | Factor de crecimiento vascular endotelial (VSGF) | Degeneración macular relacionada con la edad | Aprobado por la FDA Fase IV |
| REG1™ (Regado Biosciences) | Factor de coagulación IXa | Enfermedad de la arteria coronaria | Fase III |
| E10030™ (Ophthotech Corporation) | Factor de crecimiento derivado de plaquetas (PDGF) | Degeneración macular relacionada con la edad | Fase III |
| AS1411™ (antisoma) | Nucleolina | Leucemia mieloide aguda | Fase II |
| REG1™ (Regado) | Factor de coagulación IXa | Intervención coronaria percutánea | Fase II |
| ARC1779™ (Archemix) | Dominio A1, factor de von Willebrand | Microangiopatías trombóticas y enfermedad de la arteria carótida | Fase II |
| NOX-E36™ (Noxxon Pharma) | Citocina CCL2 | Diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 | Fase II |
| NU172™ (ARCA) | Trombina | Derivación cardiopulmonar para mantener el estado estable de la anticoagulación | Fase II |
| ARC19499™ (Baxter) | Inhibidor de la vía del factor tisular (TFPI) | Hemofilia | Fase I |
| ARC1905™ (Ophthotech) | Componente 5 del complemento | Degeneración macular relacionada con la edad | Fase I |
| Title | phase |
|---|---|
| Pegaptanib Sodium in Patients With Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | Phase 4 |
| Anti-VEGF in Neovascular AMD | Phase 3 |
| Fovista® (E10030) Intravitreous Administration in Combination With Lucentis® Compared to Lucentis® Monotherapy | Phase 3 |
| Fovista® (E10030) Intravitreous Administration in Combination With Lucentis® Compared to Lucentis® Monotherapy | Phase 3 |
| Fovista® (E10030) Intravitreous Administration in Combination With Either Avastin® or Eylea® Compared to Avastin® or Eylea® Monotherapy | Phase 3 |
| Mg/Eye and 3 Mg/Eye Pegaptanib Sodium in Patients With Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | Phase 3 |
| Pegaptanib Sodium, Compared to Sham, in Patients With Wet AMD. | Phase 3 |
| Bevacizumab Versus Ranibizumab for Diabetic Retinopathy | Phase 3 |
| Zimura® (Anti-C5 Aptamer) in Combination With Anti-VEGF Therapy in Subjects With Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (IPCV) | Phase 2 |
| E10030 (Anti-PDGF Pegylated Aptamer) Plus Lucentis for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Phase 2 |
| Phase II/III Study of Anti-VEGF in Neovascular AMD | Phase 2 |
| An 18 Month Phase 2a Open Label, Randomized Study of Avastin®, Lucentis®, or Eylea® (Anti-VEGF Therapy) | Phase 2 |
| Administered in Combination With Fovista® (Anti-PDGF BB Pegylated Aptamer) | Phase 2 |
| Zimura in Subjects With Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Phase 2 |
| Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of 1 Mg/Eye and 3 Mg/Eye Pegaptanib Sodium in Patients With Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) | Phase 2 |
| A Clinical Trial to Explore Safety and Efficacy of Different Doses of Pegaptanib Sodium, Compared to Sham, in Patients With Wet AMD. | Phase 2 |
| Pegaptanib Sodium Compared to Sham Injection in Patients With DME Involving the Center of the Macula | Phase 2 |
| A Study of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of ARC1779 Injection in Patients With Von Willebrand Disease Type 2B | Phase 2 |
| ARC1779 Injection in Patients With Von Willebrand Factor-Related Platelet Function Disorders | Phase 2 |
| IST Neoadjuvant Abraxane in Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer | Phase 2 |
| Lexaptepid Pegol (NOX-H94) in ESA-hyporesponsive Anemia in Dialysis Patients | Phase 2 |
| A Study of AS1411 Combined With Cytarabine in the Treatment of Patients With Primary Refractory or Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia | Phase 2 |
| A Study of ARC1905 (Anti-C5 Aptamer) in Subjects With Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration | Phase 1 |
| ARC1905 (ANTI-C5 APTAMER) Given Either In Combination Therapy With Lucentis® 0.5 mg/Eye In Subjects With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Phase 1 |
| A Phase 1, Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Intravitreous Injections of E10030 (Anti-PDGF Pegylated Aptamer) in Subjects With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Phase 1 |
| Safety and Dosing Evaluation of REG1 Anticoagulation System | Phase 1 |
| EYE001 to Treat Retinal Tumors in Patients With Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome | Phase 1 |
| An Open-Label Investigator Sponsored Trial to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability and Development of Subfoveal | Phase 1 |
| Fibrosis By Intravitreal Administration of Altering Regimens of Fovista and Anti-VEGF Therapy in Subjects With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration | Phase 1 |
| Lexaptepid Pegol (NOX-H94) in ESA-hyporesponsive Anemia in Dialysis Patients | Phase 1 |
| NOX-E36 First-in-Human (FIH) Study | Phase 1 |
| NOX-A12 First-in-human (FIH) Study | Phase 1 |
| A Single-Center Trial of Intravitreous Injections of Macugen (Pegaptanib Sodium) Given at Least 7 Days Before Vitrectomy Secondary To Tractional Retinal Detachment in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy | Phase 1 |
| First-in-Human and Proof-of-Mechanism Study of ARC19499 Administered to Hemophilia Patients | Phase 1 |
| NOX-A12 Multiple Ascending Dose Study in Healthy Volunteers | Phase 1 |
| Iloprost in Preventing Lung Cancer in Former Smokers | Phase 1 |
| Alsertib (MLN8237) and Brentuximab Vedotin for Relapsed/Refractory CD30-Positive Lymphomas and Solid Malignancies | Phase 1 |
| The Clinical Application of 68Ga Labeled ssDNA Aptamer Sgc8 in Healthy Volunteers and Colorectal Patients | Early Phase 1 |