Continuing Professional Development for Primary Care Providers in Palliative and End-of-Life Care: A Systematic Review.

Background and Objective: This review updates and expands on previous reviews of educational interventions for primary care providers (PCPs) involved in palliative and end-of-life care (PEoLC) and is the first to include early studies related to medical assistance in dying (MAiD).
Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was conducted across five electronic databases to locate published interventional studies related to ongoing PEoLC and/or MAiD education for primary care professionals. A descriptive summary of results and a narrative discussion of common themes and comparisons are provided.
Results: Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. The researchers found a myriad of interventions, including courses based, practical experience, mentoring, and workshops. The researchers categorized results by four domains: attitude, confidence, knowledge, and skills. Across domains, seven educational topics emerged: general care, interprofessional collaboration, nutrition, pain and symptom management, patient communication, and professional coping. Overall, studies employed various methodologies, but often relied on cross-sectionally measured self-assessment. Two articles were found that measured the impact of MAiD education.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that PEoLC education can improve PCPs' perceived attitudes, confidence, knowledge, and skills across multiple areas of palliative care practice. While PCPs across studies valued educational interventions, the findings relating to the impact of PEoLC education on PCP's provision of effective PEoLC were unclear. However, most interventions resulted in enhanced confidence and knowledge. To date, there are only two studies that have examined MAiD educational programs. There is a need for studies of higher rigor with more emphasis on follow-up to clarify the impact training has on those involved in PEoLC and MAiD.