Advances in Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Energy Sources Here to Stay.

Energy sources used for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation have undergone an exceptional journey over the past 50 years. Traditional energy sources, such as radiofrequency and cryoablation, have been the mainstay of AF ablation. Novel investigations have led to inclusion of other techniques, such as laser, high-frequency ultrasound, and microwave energy, in the armamentarium of electrophysiologists. Despite these modalities, AF has remained one of the most challenging arrhythmias. Advances in the understanding of electroporation promise to overcome the shortcomings of conventional energy sources. A thorough understanding of the biophysics and practical implications of the existing energy sources is paramount.