Profiling global cancer incidence and mortality by socioeconomic development.

Economic and living conditions have improved over time in most countries, although often in association with detrimental lifestyle and environmental changes that are major determinants of cancer. In this ecological study, we assess the association between national socioeconomic levels and incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined and 27 cancer types, in 175 countries. We obtained national level cancer incidence and mortality estimates for 2018 from GLOBOCAN and computed an index of socioeconomic development based on national education and income levels extracted from the United Nations Development Programme. Cancer incidence rates are strongly positively associated with the national socioeconomic level for all cancers combined and for a large number of cancer types, in both sexes. Conversely, the association between socioeconomic development and cancer mortality rates is less clear. The most common pattern for type-specific cancers is an increasing incidence rate with a relatively stable mortality rate as socioeconomic development increases. Despite the high incidence rates for many cancer types, mortality rates are relatively low in high-income countries, partly due to the availability of early detection and effective treatments. As socioeconomic development continues to rise, countries with currently low- and medium-development levels may experience large increases in the incidence of several cancers. Given the limited resources and lack of infrastructure, increases in incidence rates in low-income countries will likely be paralleled by increases in mortality rates. Efforts to plan, implement and evaluate prevention programs must therefore be considered as greater priorities in Low- and Middle-income countries.