Current advances in PD-1/PD-L1 axis-related tumour-infiltrating immune cells and therapeutic regimens in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant tumour in the brain, and current treatments are not curative and cannot control recurrence. This limitation indirectly places immunotherapy at the focus of translational GBM research. Many studies on the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in GBM are ongoing, and the immunosuppressive mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 in GBM is different from that in other solid tumours. This review focuses on the effect of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis on infiltrating immune cells in the suppressive GBM immune microenvironment and summarizes the recent progress in PD-1/PD-L1 axis-related therapies reported in preclinical and clinical GBM studies, providing a reference for the systematic study of PD-1/PD-L1 axis-related anti-GBM immunity.