| Literature DB >> 32435066 |
Werner Rath1, Panagiotis Tsikouras2, Patrick Stelzl3.
Abstract
HELLP syndrome and the less common acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFL) are unpredictable, life-threatening complications of pregnancy. The similarities in their clinical and laboratory presentations are often challenging for the obstetrician when making a differential diagnosis. Both diseases are characterised by microvesicular steatosis of varying degrees of severity. A specific risk profile does not exist for either of the entities. Genetic defects in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and multiple pregnancy are considered to be common predisposing factors. The diagnosis of AFL is based on a combination of clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. The Swansea criteria have been proposed as a diagnostic tool for orientation. HELLP syndrome is a laboratory diagnosis based on the triad of haemolysis, elevated aminotransferase levels and a platelet count < 100 G/l. Generalised malaise, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain are common symptoms of both diseases, making early diagnosis difficult. Clinical differences include a lack of polydipsia/polyuria in HELLP syndrome, while jaundice is more common and more pronounced in AFL, there is a lower incidence of hypertension and proteinuria, and patients with AFL may develop encephalopathy with rapid progression to acute liver failure. In contrast, neurological symptoms such as severe headache and visual disturbances are more prominent in patients with HELLP syndrome. In terms of laboratory findings, AFL can be differentiated from HELLP syndrome by the presence of leucocytosis, hypoglycaemia, more pronounced hyperbilirubinemia, an initial lack of haemolysis and thrombocytopenia < 100 G/l, as well as lower antithrombin levels < 65% and prolonged prothrombin times. While HELLP syndrome has a fluctuating clinical course with rapid exacerbation within hours or transient remissions, AFL rapidly progresses to acute liver failure if the infant is not delivered immediately. The only causal treatment for both diseases is immediate delivery. Expectant management between 24 + 0 and 33 + 6 weeks of gestation is recommended for HELLP syndrome, but only in cases where the mother can be stabilised and there is no evidence of foetal compromise. The maternal mortality rate for HELLP syndrome in developed countries is approximately 1%, while the rate for AFL is 1.8 - 18%. Perinatal mortality rates are 7 - 20% and 15 - 20%, respectively. While data on the long-term impact of AFL on the health of mother and child is still insufficient, HELLP syndrome is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases in later life.Entities:
Keywords: HELLP syndrome; Swansea criteria; acute fatty liver of pregnancy; differential diagnosis; treatment and prognosis
Year: 2020 PMID: 32435066 PMCID: PMC7234826 DOI: 10.1055/a-1091-8630
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd ISSN: 0016-5751 Impact factor: 2.915
Table 1 Swansea criteria for the diagnosis of acute fatty liver of pregnancy 21 .
| Clinical symptoms | 1. Nausea, vomiting |
|
| Ultrasound | 5. Ascites or “bright” liver | |
| Laboratory findings | 6. Serum creatinine ↑ (> 150 µmol/l) |
Table 2 Comparison of the prevalence of clinical symptoms and complications in acute fatty liver of pregnancy and HELLP syndrome (ranges obtained from individual studies: data from 7 and 23 ).
| Criteria | Acute fatty liver of pregnancy | HELLP syndrome |
|---|---|---|
| DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation | ||
| General malaise | 78% | 100% |
| Nausea/vomiting | 50 – 82% | 29 – 84% |
| Abdominal pain | 32 – 70% | 40 – 90% |
| Polydipsia/polyuria | 11 – 82% | – |
| Jaundice/dark urine | 29 – 100% | 5% |
| Encephalopathy | 9 – 91% | neurolog. symptoms: 33 – 61% e.g. headache |
| Hypertension/proteinuria | 20 – 40% | 85% |
| Acute kidney failure | 14 – 90% | 1.2 – 8% |
| Coagulopathy | 36 – 87% (DIC: 10 – 48%) | DIC 21% (2 – 39%) |
| Lung oedema | 5 – 30% | 6 – 8% |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 5 – 36% | rare |
| Liver haematoma | individual cases | 0.9 – 1.6 – (2)% |
Fig. 1Action algorithm for women with suspected AFL/HELLP syndrome.
Table 3 Differential diagnosis for HELLP syndrome – liver disorders in pregnancy (data from 23 , 27 , 46 ).
| Criteria | HELLP syndrome | Acute fatty liver of pregnancy | Hepatitis | Intrahepatic pregnancy cholestasis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pp.: post partum | ||||
| Peak manifestation | 3rd trimester/pp. | 3rd trimester/pp. | at any time | > 60% in 3rd trimester |
| Haemolysis | +++ | +/− | – | – |
| Aminotransferases ↑ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +(+) |
| Hypertension | ++ | + | – | – |
| Proteinuria | ++(+) | + | – | – |
| Leucocytosis | – | +++ | +(+) | – |
| Thrombocytopenia | +++ | + → ++ secondary | – | – |
| Neurological symptoms | + → +++ | ++ | – | – |
| Renal insufficiency | + | ++ secondary | – | – |
| Jaundice | +/− | ++ | ++ | +(+) |
| Other | DIC | hypoglycaemia | serology | pruritus |
Tab. 1 Swansea-Kriterien zur Diagnose einer akuten Schwangerschaftsfettleber 21 .
| Klinik | 1. Übelkeit, Erbrechen |
|
| Ultraschall | 5. Aszites oder „helle“ Leber | |
| Labor | 6. Serumkreatinin ↑ (> 150 µmol/l) |
Tab. 2 Vergleich der Inzidenzen klinischer Symptome und Komplikationen bei akuter Schwangerschaftsfettleber und HELLP-Syndrom (Bereiche ermittelt aus Einzelstudien: Daten aus 7 und 23 ).
| Kriterien | akute Schwangerschaftsfettleber | HELLP-Syndrom |
|---|---|---|
| DIG: disseminierte intravasale Gerinnung | ||
| allgemeines Unwohlsein | 78% | 100% |
| Übelkeit/Erbrechen | 50 – 82% | 29 – 84% |
| Abdominalschmerzen | 32 – 70% | 40 – 90% |
| Polydipsie/Polyurie | 11 – 82% | – |
| Ikterus/dunkler Urin | 29 – 100% | 5% |
| Enzephalopathie | 9 – 91% | neurolog. Symptome: 33 – 61%, z. B. Kopfschmerzen |
| Hypertonie/Proteinurie | 20 – 40% | 85% |
| akutes Nierenversagen | 14 – 90% | 1,2 – 8% |
| Koagulopathie | 36 – 87% (DIG: 10 – 48%) | DIG 21% (2 – 39%) |
| Lungenödem | 5 – 30% | 6 – 8% |
| gastrointestinale Blutungen | 5 – 36% | selten |
| Leberhämatom | Einzelfälle | 0,9 – 1,6 – (2)% |
Abb. 1Handlungsalgorithmus bei Verdacht auf akute Schwangerschaftsfettleber/HELLP-Syndrom.
Tab. 3 Differenzialdiagnosen HELLP-Syndrom – Lebererkrankungen in der Schwangerschaft (Daten aus 23 , 27 , 46 ).
| Kriterien | HELLP | akute Schwangerschaftsfettleber | Hepatitis | intrahepatische Schwangerschaftscholestase |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pp.: post partum | ||||
| Manifestationsgipfel | III. Trimenon/pp. | III. Trimenon/pp. | jederzeit | > 60% III: Trimenon |
| Hämolyse | +++ | +/− | – | – |
| Transaminasen ↑ | +++ | +++ | +++ | +(+) |
| Hypertonie | ++ | + | – | – |
| Proteinurie | ++(+) | + | – | – |
| Leukozytose | – | +++ | +(+) | – |
| Thrombozytopenie | +++ | + → ++ sekundär | – | – |
| neurologische Symptome | + → +++ | ++ | – | – |
| Niereninsuffizienz | + | ++ sekundär | – | – |
| Ikterus | +/− | ++ | ++ | +(+) |
| andere | DIG | Hypoglykämie | Serologie | Juckreiz |