Plastic sexual ornaments: Assessing temperature effects on color metrics in a color-changing reptile.

Conspicuous coloration is an important subject in social communication and animal behavior, and it can provide valuable insight into the role of visual signals in social selection. However, animal coloration can be plastic and affected by abiotic factors such as temperature, making its quantification problematic. In such cases, careful consideration is required so that metric choices are consistent across environments and least sensitive to abiotic factors. A detailed assessment of plastic trait in response to environmental conditions could help identify more robust methods for quantifying color. Temperature affects sexual ornamentation of eastern fence lizards, Sceloporus undulatus, with ventral coloration shifting from green to blue hues as temperatures rise, making the calculation of saturation (color purity) difficult under conditions where temperatures vary. We aimed to characterize how abiotic factors influence phenotypic expression and to identify a metric for quantifying animal color that is either independent from temperature (ideally) or best conserves individual's ranks. We compared the rates of change in saturation across two temperature treatments using seven metrics: three that are based on fixed spectral ranges (with two of them designed by us specifically for this system) and three that track the expressed hue (with one of them designed by us to circumvent spurious results in unornamented individuals). We also applied a lizard visual sensitivity model to understand how temperature-induced color changes may be perceived by conspecifics. We show that the rate of change in saturation between two temperatures is inconsistent across individuals, increasing at a higher rate in individuals with higher baseline saturation at lower temperatures. In addition, the relative color rank of individuals in a population varies with the temperature standardized by the investigator, but more so for some metrics than others. While we were unable to completely eliminate the effect of temperature, current tools for quantifying color allowed us to use spectral data to estimate saturation in a variety of ways and to largely preserve saturation ranks of individuals across temperatures while avoiding erroneous color scores. We describe our approaches and suggest best-practices for quantifying and interpreting color, particularly in cases where color changes in response to environmental factors.

Introduction

Animal coloration is integral to visual communication channels and selective processes, and is an important subject of investigation in studies on social selection [1]. Coloration of conspicuous ornamental traits can predict the outcome of intrasexual competition and mate preference in many taxa [2-6], and for this reason is expected to be under strong selection. Notably, animal coloration can be plastic, as rapid changes in hue may occur in response to environmental conditions such as temperature, hydration, and background coloration, particularly among ectotherms [7-13]. Such dynamic changes make these color traits an important target of investigation on their roles in social interactions and signaling potential [14], but this same complexity brings challenges to researchers: to carefully consider optimal color quantification methods that account for plasticity, and to accurately estimate signal strength when color states are variable. One alternative is to standardize the abiotic conditions that are most representative of natural settings in which color traits may influence animal interactions. However, this is not always possible (e.g., when measuring traits under field conditions) or ecologically realistic (e.g., when thermoregulation influences fitness via multiple routes). Another option would be to develop a metric that is completely independent from abiotic factors, or at least conserves ranks of color of individuals across that environmental gradient. The latter would be sufficient to answer several important biological questions related to other qualitative fitness correlates such as mate choice [5,15] and social hierarchy [16,17] and may thus be a valid effort.

Unlike pigment-based coloration, structural colors typically arise from the reflection of light on nanostructures located inside iridophores [18-20] or on matrices of keratin [13] and chitin [21]. The conformation of such structures may respond to changes in temperature and osmolarity [22], altering the wavelengths reflected and consequently the hue perceived by the receiver. Due to these characteristics, color traits that are structural in nature may demand more attention when determining methods and environments for their quantification. To fully capture the color properties of such complex traits, researchers often employ spectrophotometry, as it can generate raw spectral data that is not biased towards the human visual system [23]. However, this approach alone does not inform us about how a given signal is perceived by potential receivers. Models that account for visual sensitivity of signal receivers are being more commonly employed [24,25] but are not the norm. A detailed assessment of how different color metrics and visual models behave across environmental treatments could provide guidelines of best practices for working with organisms that exhibit color plasticity and how these changes may be perceived by target receivers.

Eastern fence lizards, Sceloporus undulatus, display conspicuous color patches on their ventral gular and abdominal regions. These are present in sexually mature males and seem to be relevant in visual displays during social interactions [26]. During encounters with rivals and potential mates, male fence lizards often perform push-up displays, elevating their bodies and revealing their ventral coloration [27,28]. For this reason, it is likely that ventral color functions as a badge of quality [29] that may influence the outcome of these competitive encounters leading to individual differences in fitness. Among females, this trait can be expressed to varying degrees, albeit less conspicuously than in males, or be entirely absent [30]. Moreover, variation in color appears to be fitness-relevant for this species: males with more saturated badges are more likely to be larger-bodied [31], and males with larger badges are preferred by females [32]. On the other hand, females exhibiting color are less preferred by males [30], but achieve faster running speeds and have offspring that evade predatory attacks more often [33].

The structural ventral coloration in S. undulatus displays pronounced plasticity in hue, shifting from medium wavelengths (green) to shorter wavelengths (blue) with increasing temperatures [34] (Fig 1). Because of this shift, it is unlikely that hue alone signals an individual’s inherent quality. Hue may, however, signal an individual’s current thermal state, which has fitness consequences in competitive interactions [35,36]. Saturation, on the other hand, is referred to in color science as the general appearance of a given color and specifies the size of the difference from the most similar achromatic color (i.e. gray) [37]. Here we define saturation as a measure of the relative purity of a color signal, typically calculated as the ratio of light reflectance of a specific hue to light reflectance of the full spectral range. Therefore a highly saturated color patch reflects light in a constrained range of the spectrum, with fewer wavelengths outside of that range contributing to that signal. Highly saturated colors tend to indicate purer and more vivid signals, and many studies in animals have shown a link between saturation and diet quality, resource availability, or immunocompetence [38-41]. However, because saturation is often calculated as relative reflectance in a specific spectral range, this metric can be problematic if the predominant spectral range (hue) is variable across individuals or responds to abiotic factors.

Fig 1

Two male lizards (top and bottom) at ~23°C (left panels) and ~33°C (right panels).

To further explore color quantification methods in organisms exhibiting environment-dependent color plasticity, we compared seven metrics of saturation under two temperature treatments relevant to the ecology of S. undulatus. Three of these metrics are derived over fixed spectral ranges, with two of them on customized spectral ranges that better suit S. undulatus coloration. Three others are flexible and track the expressed hue [36,42-45]. Finally, to understand how this signal (and its plasticity) may be perceived by conspecifics, we employed a visual model based on the spectral sensitivities of a lizard species, Crotaphytus dickersonae [46]. We explain these metrics in more detail below (see Color metrics). Our objectives were to 1) determine whether badge hue and saturation vary at consistent rates across individuals between different temperature environments, 2) determine which measure of saturation best preserves an individual’s color rank across temperatures, and 3) provide direction for how to better measure and consider the role of coloration in animal behavior studies when the focal species exhibits phenotypic color plasticity.

Methods

Study organism

Lizards were raised in the lab from eggs (15 females and 17 males) that were obtained from gravid females collected at field sites in Tennessee (Land Between the Lakes National Recreation Area, and Edgar Evins State Park) and Arkansas (Mississippi River State Park, and private lands in Lee County). Juveniles were housed in groups of no more than five non-siblings in plastic containers (45 x 30 x 25cm) provided with a 15 x 15cm piece of opaque corrugated plastic to be used as shelter, and a lamp with a 60W incandescent bulb suspended 25cm above one end of the container and turned on daily from 08:00 to 16:00 to allow thermoregulation. Animals were fed Acheta domesticus crickets three days per week, one day of which was supplemented with Reptivite reptile vitamins (Zoo Med Laboratories Inc., San Luis Obispo, CA, USA). A small dish containing water was available to animals at all times. The room was maintained at a temperature of 23°C and a 12:12 light cycle from overhead lights.

Color quantification

Color measurements were taken at a mean age of 338.1 ± 2.7 days, which is sufficient for S. undulatus to reach reproductive maturity [47]. Before measurement, individuals were acclimated in an incubator (Quincy Lab, Chicago, IL, USA) until the targeted internal body temperature for each treatment was reached (22.9 ± 0.24°C for the cold treatment, and 32.9 ± 1.4°C for the warm treatment). Body temperatures were assessed by inserting a Fluke Bead Probe connected to a Thermocouple thermometer (Fluke Corporation, Everett, WA, USA) into an individual’s cloaca. To quantify color, we used an Ocean Optics Jaz UV/VIS spectrometer with a pulsed xenon light source to measure reflectance. Spectra were taken perpendicular to the subject and calculated relative to a diffuse white standard (Ocean Optics WS-1) using SpectraSuite. We measured reflectance of the colored portion of the lizard’s left throat badge, with an integration time of 40μs and a trigger period of 10μs. Each individual’s badge was measured three times, by removing and replacing the probe each time within the colored region. For each of the three measurements, SpectraSuite took 5 scans and averaged them to produce one spectrum. We then used the R package pavo [48] version 2.1.0 to interpolate each spectrum to 1 nm intervals and used the procspec function to smooth the spectra with a span of 2/3 [49]. The directionality of temperature shifts influences the speed in which hues change [50], and for this reason all individuals were measured in the cold treatment first. In order to investigate the full range of color variability in this system, we also included in our sample females bearing no ornamentation, in which case the background coloration in the same region of the throat was measured instead.

Color metrics

We used the ‘summary.rspec’ function of the pavo R package [48] with custom modifications to the code to extract a total of six saturation metrics (Table 1). Our modified code is available at https://github.com/braulioassis/pavo/. The metrics represented fixed and flexible spectrum ranges, and comprised metrics already established in the literature and others designed by us specifically for this system. They were: S1B (fixed on the “blue” portion of the spectrum); S1Sc (fixed on the “turquoise” range of the spectrum, better aligned with the spectral reflectance of S. undulatus badges); S1ScFull (encompassing the full range of hue fluctuation from blue to green); S3 (flexible and bracketing maximum reflectance); S8 (flexible and contrasting maximal and minimal reflectance); and S3Sc (same as S3, but modified to not allow the center of the range to be greater than 600 nm). This last metric was of particular interest to us, since our sample contained females that were weakly ornamented. These females exhibited peaks of reflectance at up to 700 nm, beyond the scope of the ornament, generating a saturation value that was derived from the individual’s background coloration rather than ornamentation (Fig 2). By constraining the center of the target range to be no more than 600 nm, we attempted to capture the most relevant information tracking the blue to green fluctuations in ornamented individuals while ensuring a low saturation values for weakly ornamented females, this way preventing false ornamentation scores derived from background coloration. All metrics were calculated in relation to total brightness, defined as the total spectral reflectance from 300 to 700 nm. In addition, we analyzed the rate of change in the ornament’s hue for males and females by measuring the wavelength of maximal reflectance (H1) at each temperature treatment. Lastly, to obtain a complete picture of color dynamics of this species, we also analyzed changes in mean brightness (mean reflectance at all wavelengths of the spectral range) across the two temperature environments. This way, we present results encompassing three important characteristics of color: hue, saturation, and brightness [45].

Table 1

Summary of saturation metrics.

Metrics in bold are not generated by pavo automatically and required changes in the code (available at http://github.com/braulioassis/pavo).

	Metric	Description	Formula
Fixed	S1B	"Blue" range of the spectrum, 400 to 510 nm	∫400510R(λ)dλ∫300700R(λ)dλ
	S1Sc	"Turquoise" range of the spectrum, 450 to 550 nm	∫450550R(λ)dλ∫300700R(λ)dλ
	S1ScFull	Full range from "blue" to "green", 400 to 600 nm	∫400600R(λ)dλ∫300700R(λ)dλ
Flexible	S3	On the range of peak reflectance ± 50 nm	∫λ_max−50λ_max+50R(λ)dλ∫300700R(λ)dλ
	S3Sc	Same as S3, but not centered beyond 600 nm	∫λ_max−50λ_max+50R(λ)dλ∫300700R(λ)dλ,if λmax>600⇾set λmax = 600
	S8	Difference between maximal and minimal reflectance	max(R)−min(R)∫300700R(λ)dλ

All metrics are calculated in relation to total reflectance from 300 to 700 nm. λ: wavelength; R: percent reflectance at a given λ; λ: λ of maximal R. The sum of the reflectances over a range [λ1, λ2] is the equivalent of the area under the curve for that range, which can be expressed as the integral .

Fig 2

Spectrum profiles (% reflectance) of throat badges representative of our sample.

Hue (H1) is equal to the wavelength of maximal reflectance. Saturation is calculated as reflectance at a defined range in relation to reflectance at the “full” range (established as 300–700 nm in our study). A. male individual at ~23°C; B. same individual as in ‘A’, but at ~33°C; C. weakly ornamented female, with greatest reflection at wavelengths corresponding to background coloration.

For each individual in a treatment, the seven saturation metrics were derived from the same spectra, eliminating error that could arise from unique readings for each of the metrics. It is worth mentioning that pavo generates several other metrics [45] not evaluated by us in this study. We chose metrics that were robust to spectral noise and relevant to the hues of our study organism, but other metrics may be better suited to other systems. Additionally, fence lizard badges do not exhibit iridescence, and for this reason we do not discuss issues in color quantification that arise with this phenomenon, such as angle of measurement. Useful insight on the subject is available elsewhere [51].

Visual model

The spectral sensitivity model was built using the function sensmodel in the R package pavo [48]. Cone sensitivities have not yet been determined for S. undulatus, so we applied visual parameters established for the closest related iguanid, Crotaphytus dickersonae (Crotaphytidae): 359, 459, 481, 558 [46]. Cone type ratios were assumed to be even. The sensitivity model was applied to the spectral data using the function vismodel and projected in a tetrahedral space using the function colspace. Saturation was determined irrespective of the expressed hue by the length of the vector r, corrected for the maximum length of r for that hue projected in a non-spherical volume, r.achieved [24].

Statistical analyses

All analyses were done in R 3.5.0 [52] using the lme4 package [53]. All three measures of an individual’s badge were included in each analysis with the random term of ID accounting for the lack on independence. To test whether the change in hue from green to blue with increasing temperatures is consistent across sex, we fit a mixed model (model 1: metric ~ temperature * sex + (temperature | ID) + ε, where ε is the error term) where each individual had a unique intercept (wavelength of maximal reflectance, or H1, at the mean temperature) and a unique slope (the rate in which H1 decreases with temperature). Sex was included as an interaction with temperature (which was centered on the mean). We then fit the same model but without the interaction between sex and temperature (model 2: metric ~ temperature + sex + (temperature | ID) + ε) and compared the two using a Chi-square test to determine which model best explained the data. If this interaction best explained the data, we split the data by sex and analyzed them separately. We included both a random intercept and random slope for each individual in both models as the primary reason was to assess sex differences in their reaction norms, and this model best reflected the plotted data.

For the models where each sex was analyzed separately, we constructed first a simpler model than model 2 by constraining individuals to only have a random intercept (model 3: metric ~ temperature + (1 | ID) + ε). Model 4 (metric ~ temperature + (temperature | ID) + ε) allowed both a random intercept and random slope for each individual, which is analogous to model 2, but was only performed on each sex in turn. Comparing model 3 and model 4 allowed us to determine whether individuals change hue at the same rate across temperatures. If model 4 best explained the data, then individuals do vary in their reaction norm, in which case we would fit a fifth model (model 5: metric ~ temperature + (temperature || ID) + ε). Model 4 allowed the intercept and slope of each individual to covary. Model 5 constrains the correlation between the slope and intercept. If model 4 best explains the data, this would mean the slope and intercept are significantly correlated. If model 5 best explains the data, there is no correlation between the slope and the intercept of an individual. A positive slope-intercept correlation means that individuals that exhibit, in this case, a high H1 baseline level, also increase H1 at a greater rate across the temperature environment. Next, to analyze the reaction norms of color saturation with respect to temperature, we replicated the same analysis for each of seven saturation metrics: S1B, S3, S8, S1Sc, S1ScFull, S3Sc, and the visual sensitivity model. This allowed us to test whether saturation increases consistently across individuals in a similar way. We ascertained the 95% confidence intervals around the correlation using the confint function in lme4 which would allow qualitative comparison between the seven saturation metrics. Saturation was loge-transformed prior to analysis and temperature was included as a fixed term and centered on the mean so the intercept is at the mean temperature. In addition, we performed a Spearman rank order correlation test as a second method to explore which of the six metrics best preserves the individuals’ relative saturation ranks across cold and warm temperatures.

We assessed the repeatability for all seven saturation metrics (measured in triplicate) using the R package rptR [54]. We tested the repeatability for a metric within each treatment based on a normal distribution with 1000 parametric bootstraps.

Ethics statement

The research presented here adhered to Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research, the legal requirements of the U.S.A. and the Institutional Guidelines of The Pennsylvania State University and was approved by IACUC. Animal collection was authorized by the respective states’ permits.

Results

All saturation calculations derived from spectral data were highly repeatable (for cold treatment: all r > 0.808, p < 0.001; for warm treatment, all r > 0.782, p < 0.001). Receptor excitation for the four cone types estimated by the visual sensitivity model are presented in Table 2. A two-dimensional projection of the tetrahedral color space illustrates how cone excitation differed between the two temperature environments for all individuals (Fig 3).

Table 2

Mean (± standard deviation) receptor excitation for the four cone types for males and females across the two temperature treatments.

Sex	Treatment	U	S	M	L
F	Cold	0.195 ± 0.012	0.253 ± 0.006	0.259 ± 0.005	0.292 ± 0.011
F	Warm	0.164 ± 0.013	0.268 ± 0.009	0.284 ± 0.008	0.284 ± 0.016
M	Cold	0.118 ± 0.027	0.266 ± 0.009	0.284 ± 0.011	0.331 ± 0.025
M	Warm	0.061 ± 0.043	0.334 ± 0.032	0.353 ± 0.029	0.252 ± 0.030

F: females, n = 15; M: males, n = 17; Cold: 22.9 ± 0.24°C; Warm: 32.9 ± 1.4°C; U: 359 nm; S: 459 nm; M: 481 nm, L: 558 nm.

Fig 3

Tetrahedral color spaces observed from above the UV vertex indicating cone excitation for all individuals across two environments.

A: cold treatment, 22.9 ± 0.24°C; B: warm treatment, 32.9 ± 1.4°C; S: small cone type (peak sensitivity at 459 nm); M: medium cone type (peak sensitivity at 481 nm); L: long cone type (peak sensitivity at 558 nm).

There were significant sex differences (all P < 0.001; see Table 3) in the reaction norms of all saturation indices but not for H1 (hue, or wavelength of maximal reflectance, χ21 = 0.86, P = 0.35) or B2 (mean brightness, χ21 = 2.41, P = 0.12). We therefore split the female and male data and analyzed them separately for all indices except H1 and B2 which were analyzed with males and females grouped.

Table 3

Results from all statistical tests for seven saturation metrics (Table 1).

If model 1 and model 2 are significantly different, it indicates that the sexes have different reactions norms. If model 3 and model 4 are significantly different, it means that individuals differ in their slopes. If model 4 and 5 are significantly different it means that the correlation between an individual’s slope and intercept is also significant. The slope-intercept correlation is the estimated correlation between an individual’s intercept and the slope of their reaction norm, with 95% confidence intervals.

Metric	Sex	Comparison of model 1 and model 2	Comparison of model 3 and model 4	Comparison of model 4 and model 5	Slope-intercept correlation	Spearman rank correlation
S1B	M		χ22 = 71.42, P < 0.001	χ21 = 16.19, P < 0.001	0.85 [0.60, 0.98]	S = 514, P = 0.36, ρ = 0.244
	F	χ21 = 20.48, P < 0.001	χ22 = 71.10, P < 0.001	χ21 = 8.53, P = 0.003	0.69 [0.18, 0.91]	S = 468, P = 0.56, ρ = 0.164
S1Sc	M		χ22 = 53.00, P < 0.001	χ21 = 9.55, P = 0.002	0.73 [0.33, 0.95]	S = 420, P = 0.14, ρ = 0.38
	F	χ21 = 15.04, P < 0.001	χ22 = 101.03, P < 0.001	χ21 = 14.40, P < 0.001	0.82 [0.47, 0.96]	S = 616, P = 0.72, ρ = - 0.1
S1ScFull	M		χ22 = 33.97, P < 0.001	χ21 = 10.80, P = 0.001	0.79 [0.39, 1.00]	S = 306, P = 0.03, ρ = 0.55
	F	χ21 = 10.93, P < 0.001	χ22 = 57.56, P < 0.001	χ21 = 5.77, P = 0.016	0.61 [0.11, 0.89]	S = 366, P = 0.21, ρ = 0.35
S3	M		χ22 = 44.52, P < 0.001	χ21 = 23.82, P < 0.001	0.99 [0.85, 1.00]	S = 168, P < 0.01, ρ = 0.75
	F	χ21 = 16.36, P < 0.001	χ22 = 17.20, P < 0.001	χ21 = 6.95, P = 0.008	-0.82 [-1.00, -0.22]	S = 404, P = 0.31, ρ = 0.28
S3Sc	M		χ22 = 44.58, P < 0.001	χ21 = 23.79, P < 0.001	0.99 [0.85, 1.00]	S = 168, P < 0.01, ρ = 0.75
	F	χ21 = 30.72, P < 0.001	χ22 = 29.47, P < 0.001	χ21 = 2.57, P = 0.11	0.43 [-0.09, 0.83]	S = 260, P = 0.04, ρ = 0.54
S8	M		χ22 = 39.04, P < 0.001	χ21 = 21.27, P < 0.001	1.00 [0.82, 1.00]	S = 186, P < 0.02, ρ = 0.73
	F	χ21 = 22.99, P < 0.001	χ22 = 58.61, P < 0.001	χ21 = 4.14, P = 0.04	0.53 [0.01, 0.86]	S = 566, P = 0.97, ρ = - 0.01
Visual model	M		χ22 = 29.78, P < 0.001	χ21 = 9.26, P = 0.002	0.75 [0.35, 0.99]	S = 208, P = 0.04, ρ = 0.69
	F	χ21 = 11.45, P < 0.001	χ22 = 36.14, P < 0.001	χ21 = 1.17, P = 0.28	0.30 [-0.31, 0.76]	S = 218, P = 0.02, ρ = 0.61

The temperature treatment was effective in altering the hue of lizards’ badges (cold treatment: 600 ± 35 nm; warm treatment: 502 ± 21 nm; paired t-test: t = 34.6, df = 95, P < 0.001). All females in the cold treatment exhibited peak reflectance at wavelengths greater than 600 nm, indicating that background hues were predominant in individuals without pronounced ornamentation. At warmer temperatures, however, badges showed increased reflectance at shorter wavelengths in relation to background hues, and all peaks occurred below 600 nm. The reaction norms for H1 were best explained by model 4: individuals have unique slopes (χ22 = 79.90, P < 0.001) but there is no correlation between the intercept and the slope of each individual (χ21 = 0.05, P = 0.83, corr = -0.04, 95% confidence intervals [-0.40, 0.36]). This means that the hue at one temperature does not predict the hue at the other.

We observed different patterns for all other metrics of saturation (Table 3, Fig 4). As for H1, all metrics showed the same pattern of individuals having unique slopes (model 4 best explained the data over model 3, all P < 0.001). As all individuals had unique intercepts and slopes, we looked for significant correlations between intercepts and slopes. With random slopes, observing a phenotype at one temperature might not provide information on the phenotype in a different environment. If the slope and intercept are correlated, a phenotype in one environment may convey some information that would allow a prediction of that same phenotype in another environment. By comparing model 4 and model 5, we found significant correlations between slope and intercept for males and females in all metrics (Table 3) except females when looking at S1ScFull (χ21 = 2.57, P = 0.11, corr = 0.43 [-0.09, 0.83]). The significant correlations varied from -0.82 [-1.00, -0.22] (S3 in females) to 1.00 [0.82, 1.00] (S8 in males). A positive correlation means that individuals that have a higher intercept have a greater slope, and so that metric increases more rapidly across temperature. A negative correlation (only observed for S3 in females) means than individuals with larger intercepts have shallower slopes, and so that metric changes less across the temperature.

Fig 4

Reaction norms for saturation from six spectral ranges measured at two temperature treatments.

Male lizards are represented as triangles, and females as circles. Metrics are summarized in Table 1. All metrics were calculated in relation to total reflectance over the 300–700 nm spectral range.

The rank order correlation (Fig 5) adds a different perspective in that it does not take into account the shift in phenotype and asks only whether an individual has a greater saturation value at both temperatures. The rank order correlation was significant for males when looking at S3 (S = 168, P = 0.001, rho = 0.75) and S8 (S = 186, P = 0.002, rho = 0.73), and for both males (S = 168, P = 0.001, rho = 0.75) and females (S = 260, P = 0.04, rho = 0.54) when looking at S3Sc.

Fig 5

Spearman correlation scores of males and females between two temperature treatments and calculated using seven saturation metrics.

The first three metrics are calculated from fixed spectral ranges, whereas the following three use spectral ranges that track the expressed hue. Visual model corresponds to saturation values irrespective of hue and based on visual sensitivity parameters established for Crotaphytus dickersonae. For ornamented males, scores are identical between S3Sc (a custom metric) and the standard S3 metric generated by pavo [48]. When females are included, some of which are weakly ornamented, S3Sc provides the highest correlation across the two temperatures.

Finally, the analysis of mean brightness (B2) showed that even though individuals have different slopes (χ22 = 40.29, P < 0.001), there is no evidence for a correlation between slope and intercept (χ21 = 0.19, P = 0.66; corr = 0.09 [-0.31, 0.50]. This indicates that, even though the badges of S. undulatus change in brightness at different rates between individuals, the rate of change and its directionality are not easily predicted by basal levels of brightness, making it a less comparable metric.

Discussion

In order to equate plastic phenotypic traits to individual fitness it is important to first understand how abiotic factors influence phenotypic expression. We show that sexually-selected badges in eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) are affected by increasing temperatures, by not only shifting hue from green to blue [34,50], but also by increasing the saturation of the color signal. More importantly, the magnitude of the effect of temperature on saturation is not consistent across sexes or individuals. For all metrics tested (with the exception of S3Sc and the visual model, for females), saturation increased at significantly higher rates in males and in individuals with higher baseline color saturation when cold. These results highlight how even accounting for abiotic factors statistically may not completely remove the noise caused by color plasticity, but some metrics may preserve relative ranks from individuals more consistently than others. Since spectrophotometry allows researchers to derive a variety of metrics from single measurements [45,48] and thus does not require separate handlings of samples and animals for new measurements, we suggest that researchers are attentive to these alternatives. Even if color traits do not exhibit plasticity, it may be worthwhile to verify whether hue distributions fall neatly within the fixed spectral brackets established, and if not, to consider metrics based on fluctuating spectral brackets instead. Finally, we attempted to objectively quantify color as well as its absence in unornamented individuals using a single, objective metric that does not rely on human visual judgment. Below, we further discuss our metric assessment and considerations in the S. undulatus system.

For the badges of S. undulatus, we show that the relative strength of a color signal across individuals depends upon the standardized temperature at which they were measured. This issue could be potentially minimized by selecting a standard measuring temperature that would be most representative of natural conditions for the studied population, or of a time of day in which social interactions, and consequently signaling displays, may be predominant. For example, relative color ranks at cooler temperatures as those seen in periods of low lizard activity may not be informative of their significance in competitive outcomes, and therefore should be disfavored. Secondly, we showed that the degree of plasticity itself varies across individuals within and between sexes and is correlated with baseline levels of saturation. In this case, temperature becomes a less reliable predictor of color saturation across a heterogenous sample and accounting for it statistically may not be sufficient in providing an accurate picture. In our study, a sampling regime across a more comprehensive temperature gradient would have allowed us to capture the thermal sensitivity of this trait in much more detail–and obtaining reaction norms for various degrees of ornamentation across the two sexes could have been the ideal way to calculate an optimal correction for temperature. Because such reaction norms may be logistically challenging to determine for this and other systems, however, a metric that best preserves individuals’ relative ranks may be sufficient in reducing statistical noise while requiring significantly less effort. Finally, our metric comparison highlights how weakly ornamented individuals can generate spurious measures of saturation when using flexible metrics, as background hues may be scored instead. In our case, this issue was significantly diminished by preventing the focal spectral range from moving beyond the hue range of the ornament.

Relative color ranks of individuals were the least consistent across temperature treatments when saturation was based on fixed spectral ranges. Among these, the most direct approach of quantifying relative reflectance of “blue” wavelengths (S1B, [45]) showed the lowest correlation across temperatures for males. Designing fixed-range metrics tailored to our study system, however, improved correlations of saturation across the two temperatures. After evaluating both the distribution of expressed hues in our sample and its range of plasticity, we chose to calculate saturation in spectral ranges different from those predetermined and that better suited this trait. S1ScFull (400–600 nm) outperformed S1Sc (450–550 nm) and S1B (400–510 nm) across temperature treatments for both males and females in this regard. We employed S1ScFull in an attempt to cover the full range of hue fluctuation in S. undulatus, but this strategy introduces challenges of its own: by calculating saturation over such a broad spectral range (400–600 nm, or 50% of the designated full range of 300–700 nm), individuals exhibiting high reflectance at a wide range of wavelengths (and therefore a more diluted, less pure color closer to white) would have an overestimated saturation compared to individuals reflecting narrowly defined wavelengths in either the blue or green ranges. Consequently, we are faced with the challenge of establishing a target range narrow enough to accurately represent color purity, but wide enough to encompass the species’ range of plasticity.

Calculating saturation over ranges which track fluctuations in hue preserved the relative color ranks of individuals significantly better across treatments, with the bracketing of peak reflectance at ± 50 nm (S3, as in [44]) performing marginally better in males than when contrasting maximum and minimum reflectance (S8, as in [36, 43,55, 56]). The former approach may also be more biologically relevant because cone pigment spectral sensitivities in animal visual systems are approximately Gaussian and have a half width of roughly 100 nm [57]. In females, however, correlations between treatments were low, particularly for S8. Since we were interested in capturing the full range of phenotypic variation in this species, we aimed for a metric that would accurately differentiate between ornamented and unornamented individuals, rather than providing false scores based on background color saturation. In the absence of ornamentation, background body coloration reflects longer wavelengths (> 600 nm) that can generate high saturation scores not pertaining to the ornament itself (since it is absent). By modifying the S3 metric and preventing the spectral range from being centered beyond 600 nm, we designed a new metric (S3Sc) that had a correlation of saturation across temperatures identical to those from the S3 for males, but that also had the highest correlation for females. Our results suggest that for study systems in which the color traits exhibit hue plasticity and are present in all individuals, the standard S3 metric generated by pavo may be the most robust. However, if the absence of color is also of interest, modifications may be needed so that background coloration is not confounded with the focal ornament.

It is important to note, however, that we are not certain whether a uniform metric that accurately characterizes color richness as well as its absence is an achievable goal in a system so complex and dynamic as this. An alternative to be considered would be to manually score unornamented individuals with “zeroes”. An individual may be objectively determined as unornamented if its spectral curve exhibits peak reflectance outside the range of the trait found in ornamented individuals. Rather than calculating saturation at the expected range for an absent trait, assigning such cases as zeroes should be a simpler, and arguably, equivalent solution. Here we chose to evaluate and present a method that is in fact informed directly by the spectral curves and is better encased in the population’s data range and distribution. Therefore, of all the options considered by us, S3Sc (flexible range, but only within the scope of the trait) appears to be the best approach.

Quantifying color using raw spectral reflectance may provide us with information that is not biased towards any particular species’ visual sensitivity, and therefore give us a more accurate insight about resource allocation (for example, pigments or structures [58-60]) into color development irrespective of how that signal is perceived by other organisms [61]. Still, in order to understand the role of color signals in social interactions and competition, it may be more informative to assess color through the lens of the signal receiver [62]. For this purpose, visual sensitivity models have been frequently employed in an effort to filter out reflectance signatures that are irrelevant to the sensory system of the target. Unfortunately, determining peak sensitivities for each cone type as well as cone type ratios for all systems is a challenging task, and no sensitivity parameters have been established for phrynosomatid lizards so far. Still, we applied a sensitivity model based on a crotaphytid lizard [46] assuming a well-conserved visual system across iguanians [63,64]. Like other saturation metrics that track the expressed hue rather than focus on a set spectral range, this approach allows us to estimate saturation (the corrected vector length from the origin) irrespective of hue changes (vector angle changes that represent hues) with temperature variation. However, similar patterns were observed with this approach, in which saturation exhibited a positive correlation between slope and intercept across temperature treatments. Spearman rank correlations for saturation scores across treatments were not as high as S3 or S3Sc for males but were the highest for females. It appears that accounting for lizard visual sensitivity increased the consistency of color ranks for weakly-saturated individuals. However, since unornamented females were included in the analysis, some of these color scores correspond not to the trait itself, but to background coloration in the trait’s absence.

Considerations on the plastic nature of S. undulatus badges can be made not only from a quantitative perspective, but also on the ecological role of this signal in a social context. The saturation plasticity detected by us contributes to the hypothesis that badges in S. undulatus function as a signal of immediate competitive ability affected by body temperature [34]. In nature, individuals at warmer temperatures should exhibit more saturated, bluer hues and this would consequently advertise their greater physical performance associated with warmer body temperatures [35,36]. Future studies on the role of variation in color and temperature on social interactions could provide important insight into the social role of this trait.

Rapid color changes are a known phenomenon across many ectotherms, and even though the dramatic changes seen in S. undulatus may be rare, the points discussed here may be relevant to other systems. Pacific tree frogs (Hyla regilla) exhibit complex patterns of color change that involve the interaction of multiple environmental factors such as temperature and background coloration [65]. Standardizing multiple abiotic conditions can be difficult, but careful consideration of color metric alternatives may prove helpful. Some species of fish also display fast color changes [66] or alternate color states that correlate with dominance status, such as in the cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni [67]. Males of this species can be non-territorial and cryptically colored or be territorial and exhibit alternate morphotypes of blue or yellow coloration. Quantifying color uniformly in such a system may be as challenging as in S. undulatus, but here we have discussed some options that could be considered.

Visual signals can be dynamic and complex. Field ecologists normally face logistical challenges that affect the level of control achievable when sampling in natural settings, such as seasonality, time of day, and the measurement of populations across latitudinal clines [68]. Under such circumstances, the potential for error and noise in data collection can be increased if the trait of interest is plastic. In such cases it is advantageous to establish a metric that measures this signal and is robust to abiotic variation. We demonstrate that quantification of sexual color saturation in S. undulatus is strongly influenced by temperature and illustrate how assessing color in organisms that exhibit this phenomenon requires careful consideration. Importantly, the effect of temperature on saturation is not consistent across all individuals, but rather it increases in magnitude with increasing baseline saturation levels. Among our candidate metrics, the one that best characterized this plastic coloration trait was saturation bracketing maximum reflectance via full-spectrum spectrometry. However, if the absence of the targeted trait is also of interest, our modifications to that metric should be useful to avoid confounding dominant background coloration with ornaments. Employing visual sensitivity models are important improvements, but unfortunately many systems still do not have their visual parameters determined. We have shown that observing color dynamics of a study organism can improve its accuracy, for example by defining custom spectral ranges that better suit a given system. Our modifications to the code of pavo [48] illustrate such examples and could perhaps be implemented in future versions of the package (e.g. user-defined spectral ranges for calculation of saturation). Overall, these observations illustrate how color assessment should be made in a careful manner that accounts for the targeted trait’s characteristics, and identifying appropriate methods for doing such will be critical if we are to advance our knowledge on the role visual signals in animal behavior and fitness.

25 Nov 2019

PONE-D-19-26164

Plastic sexual ornaments: metric choice for quantifying coloration in color-changing animals

PLOS ONE

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Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. Both reviewers liked to work, and I agree that it is potentially very but there are concerns which at present mean that it does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses each the points raised  by both referees. Please send a covering letter explaining your responses to each point.

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Reviewer #1: In this study, the authors try out different colourimetric indices to quantify hue and saturation of a temperature dependent signal in the Eastern fence lizard. Since different studies measure colour at different temperatures (especially on the field where this parameter cannot always be controlled), the values of these indices might not be comparable across studies. Here, the authors try to find out which index varies the least with temperature, or at least, which one does not change the individuals ranks. This manuscript is well written and a valuable contribution. I think it will be worth publishing once some details are made clearer/fixed, and once it is better explained how this study answers the question raised in the introduction.

# Major comments

- I think the work done here is a valuable enterprise but I'm a bit confused since at the end of the manuscript, I'm not entirely convinced you have manage to solve the problem mentioned in the introduction. Indeed, none of the metrics you proposed deals with the issue of different studies measuring at different temperature. Plus, there is no proof the work you did here can be transposed to other plastic ornaments. Maybe this can be solved by framing the article a bit less as a methodological article and insist more on the biological results:

* in the introduction, explain that even though a metric independent from temperature would be ideal, a metric that conserves ranks is sufficient to answer many biological questions (provide a few examples of questions where it would be the case)

* insist more on the (in my opinion) main result on this study: saturation (measured with appropriate metrics) ranks are well conserved across temperatures in Eastern fend lizards (and possibly use this result as your title instead of a methodological question that is not answered with certainty here)

- I don't really understand how limiting the range to 300-600 nm (S3Sc) can help not capturing the effect of the background colouration. From what I understand looking at the Figure 2 (c panel), you will always measure R[550-650]/B2 since ""H1"" (not really H1 actually since this metric was designed to be used on bell-shaped spectra) will always be 600nm. This doesn't seem to provide any useful information about the saturation. This needs more thought but I'm even convinced it is possible to design a metric that works (and makes sense) for both ornamented and unornamented individuals... This needs more discussion in this introduction and the discussion itself.

# Line by line comments:

- L44-45: see Shawkey et al. (2011) 10.1016/j.zool.2010.11.001 for an additional example of the effect of hydration on colour, in a bird this time

- L54: add a ref and a sentence to explain what 'badge' means in the context of selection selection

- L71-72: refs? Here are some but they mainly concern iridescent colours in other taxa. It would be better if you could provide some studies on non-iridescent colours in lizards:

1. Fitzstephens DM, Getty T. Colour, fat and social status in male damselflies, Calopteryx maculata. Animal Behaviour. 1 Dec 2000;60(6):851‑5.

2. Meadows MG, Roudybush TE, McGraw KJ. Dietary protein level affects iridescent coloration in Anna’s hummingbirds, Calypte anna. Journal of Experimental Biology. 15 Aug 2012;215(16):2742‑50.

- L86: is there a specific reason you didn't test other saturation metrics from Montgomerie (2006) such as S2 or S4? If so, it would be useful to explain these reasons.

- L120: please add the exact version number you used for pavo. This will help with reproducibility in the future in case some functions change. Also please cite the article (10.1111/2041-210X.13174) instead of the package (or cite both if you prefer).

- L121: this part is a bit confused. The interpolation done by pavo (performed during the file import step by `getspec()` or class conversion step by `as.rspec()`) is a linear interpolation. It is often recommended to smooth the spectra afterwards, especially for metrics sensitive to noise such as H1, but this is done by the `procspec()` function. Looking at Figure 2, the spectra don't seem smoothed. If you actually did use smoothing (which is absolutely crucial here in my opinion), please precise the span value used (as recommended in White et al. 2015 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.05.007) and please update your plots in Figure 2 (it makes much more sense to show the data used to compute the indices instead of the raw data).

- L130: the code has not been posted on GitHub yet, which means it is not available for review. If I get this manuscript for a second round of review, I would really like to see the code.

- L133-137: please provide the formula or a figure that illustrates each one of these indices. Currently, it would be hard to understand for someone who hasn't read Montgomerie (2006)

- L152: did you measure repeatability for each one of these indices? Especially for the "new" ones (S3Sc in particular which is the most unusual one). It's also not clear what happened to the 3 measurements you did on each individual. Did you average them for the rest of your analysis?

- L169-174: I usually find it more legible/hepful to include the formula of your model rather than a description text. Could you please do both if you'd like to keep the text?

- L221: your spectral data is most likely interpolated and pruned at every nm (it is for sure if you use pavo), so it doesn't make much sense to include decimals in your average and sd.

- L239: S3ScFull is not defined in table 1. Is this a typo?

- L242-243: it would be helpful to more clearly say that the only negative correlation is S3 in females (you say L240 it is negative but it's not clear it's the only one).

- L328: I'm not a big fan of the term 'lower vertebrates' which convey the illusion of a directional evolution (the term 'invertebrates' itself is borderline since it's not a monophyletetic group but it's more common and less damaging).

# Minor general comments:

- add a picture of the investigated badge somewhere. Maybe it's your Fig. 1? This figure is missing from the pdf I got

- I would like to see more discussion about how this could (or not) be applied to other organisms displaying temperature dependent colouration or plastic ornaments in general

Reviewer #2: The authors of "Plastic sexual ornaments: metric choice for quantifying coloration in color-changing animals" (PONE-D-19-26164) present the results of a study designed to uncover i) how color changes as a consequence of temperature in eastern fence lizards and ii) how the metrics chosen to summarize relevant attributes of the ornamental colors can interact with the temperatures at which color measurements are taken to influence the conclusions drawn from such measures. This is an interesting study and the authors draw several important conclusions: First, the study further highlights the importance of standardizing the measurement temperature for species known to exhibit thermally-dependent color change. Second, the authors highlight the finding that even standardizing a given temperature can have important implications regarding color-based phenotypic comparisons (e.g. individual A may be more colorful than individual B at low and intermediate temps, but less colorful than individual B at high temps).

My thoughts about the manuscript fall into two categories. First, though I think that the conclusions mentioned earlier are valuable and agree that these points should be made, I am not convinced that the experimental design adequately captures the relevant variation in color as a consequence of thermal sensitivity needed to put this variability in the appropriate context. Specifically, the authors discuss the thermal responsiveness of color in the context of reaction norms, yet measure and compare the color of their lizards at only two temperatures (though there are more than two temperatures represented collectively, each lizard has only two color values at each of two temperatures). Simply put, this sampling regime does not provide adequate insight into the thermal responses of the lizards. A more comprehensive sampling regime across temperatures might enable the collection and analysis of the data using well-developed techniques for analyzing and comparing reaction norms. Summary metrics of the reaction norms of each individual might therefore be the more appropriate way to deal with the temperature-sensitivity of color rather than looking for specific, and somewhat contrived, metrics of color that reproduce the ‘rank’ of individuals across temperatures and colors. This is the angle I excitedly anticipated based on the title and early parts of the paper, and I think such an approach could still be quite valuable with the right dataset.

Second, given that these color badges are frequently studied in the context of social signaling, the fact that these analyses focused exclusively on the spectral characteristics of the colors measured without any account of the spectral sensitivities of the relevant receivers was quite surprising (and an oversight, in my opinion). There is a deep and growing literature on the visual capabilities of many animals, and interpreting signals within the appropriate, receiver-dependent context provides important context and insight into the selective forces generating and maintaining diversity in signaling traits.

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26 Feb 2020

February 25, 2020

Dr. Daniel Osorio

Editor

PLOS One

Dear Dr. Osorio,

Thank you for the insightful reviews of our manuscript “Plastic sexual ornaments: metric choice for quantifying coloration in color-changing animals” [PONE-D-19-26164]. We appreciate the time and effort you and the reviewers put into assessing this manuscript. We have made the suggested changes to the manuscript, including implementing a visual sensitivity model in our data, and believe these have greatly improved its quality. We hope that you now find this acceptable for publication. Our responses to the reviewer’s comments are given below.

Sincerely,

Braulio Assis

-------------------------------------------

Reviewer: 1

Major comments: - I think the work done here is a valuable enterprise but I'm a bit confused since at the end of the manuscript, I'm not entirely convinced you have manage to solve the problem mentioned in the introduction. Indeed, none of the metrics you proposed deals with the issue of different studies measuring at different temperature. Plus, there is no proof the work you did here can be transposed to other plastic ornaments. Maybe this can be solved by framing the article a bit less as a methodological article and insist more on the biological results:

* in the introduction, explain that even though a metric independent from temperature would be ideal, a metric that conserves ranks is sufficient to answer many biological questions (provide a few examples of questions where it would be the case)

* insist more on the (in my opinion) main result on this study: saturation (measured with appropriate metrics) ranks are well conserved across temperatures in Eastern fend lizards (and possibly use this result as your title instead of a methodological question that is not answered with certainty here)

Response: we appreciate these suggestions and have reframed parts of the Abstract, Introduction and Discussion to better focus on the goal of conserving ranks in saturation across temperatures and its applicability to important biological questions in future studies.

- I don't really understand how limiting the range to 300-600 nm (S3Sc) can help not capturing the effect of the background colouration. From what I understand looking at the Figure 2 (c panel), you will always measure R[550-650]/B2 since ""H1"" (not really H1 actually since this metric was designed to be used on bell-shaped spectra) will always be 600nm. This doesn't seem to provide any useful information about the saturation. This needs more thought but I'm even convinced it is possible to design a metric that works (and makes sense) for both ornamented and unornamented individuals... This needs more discussion in this introduction and the discussion itself.

Response: these concerns are valid and have been subject to serious considerations by us. Ideally, we would have liked to design a metric that captured color purity across the full gradient of variability within a population, which normally includes unornamented individuals. One simple solution to this problem would have been to assign scores of zero to individuals with peak reflectances at wavelengths outside the scope of the color trait (i.e. > 600). However, we decided against this option mainly in an idealistic effort to derive a metric that, is truly informed by the data, provides a meaningful and accurate value, and stays true to the definition of saturation itself: relative reflectance at a targeted spectral range. Preventing the focal range from fluctuating above 600nm was our best solution to this problem – the focal range remains within the limits of the color trait, is able to track green and blue hues expressed by ornamented individuals, and in the case of unornamented lizards still is appropriately scored as “low reflectance” in relation to high reflectances at λ > 600. Although we agree that caution should be exercised with these interpretations, we do believe that, given the circumstances, this may be the best option available (besides perhaps assigning artificial scores of zero). We argue that the information provided is actually useful – after all, the metric still represents relative reflectance at the targeted range for the trait, but without the risk of wrongfully targeting background coloration. In light of your concerns we have more carefully discussed these caveats in the updated manuscript.

- L44-45: see Shawkey et al. (2011) 10.1016/j.zool.2010.11.001 for an additional example of the effect of hydration on colour, in a bird this time

Response: we have included this reference in the revised manuscript.

- L54: add a ref and a sentence to explain what 'badge' means in the context of selection

Response: we removed the term “badge” from that line and only use it again later in the manuscript after introducing and referencing the concept (in line 97).

- L71-72: refs? Here are some but they mainly concern iridescent colours in other taxa. It would be better if you could provide some studies on non-iridescent colours in lizards:

1. Fitzstephens DM, Getty T. Colour, fat and social status in male damselflies, Calopteryx maculata. Animal Behaviour. 1 Dec 2000;60(6):851‑5.

2. Meadows MG, Roudybush TE, McGraw KJ. Dietary protein level affects iridescent coloration in Anna’s hummingbirds, Calypte anna. Journal of Experimental Biology. 15 Aug 2012;215(16):2742‑50.

Response: several references have now been included for this statement, most of which are on non-iridescent colors in lizards.

- L86: is there a specific reason you didn't test other saturation metrics from Montgomerie (2006) such as S2 or S4? If so, it would be useful to explain these reasons.

Response: We chose those metrics that were least sensitive to noisy spectra, in part because we did not average the three scans into one measurement per individual. The text has been updated to reflect this reasoning, and we clarify to the reader that other non-tested metrics from Montgomerie (2006) are available in pavo and may be considered for other systems.

- L120: please add the exact version number you used for pavo. This will help with reproducibility in the future in case some functions change. Also please cite the article (10.1111/2041-210X.13174) instead of the package (or cite both if you prefer).

Response: the package version and the correct citation for the Methods Ecol. Evol. article are now specified.

- L121: this part is a bit confused. The interpolation done by pavo (performed during the file import step by `getspec()` or class conversion step by `as.rspec()`) is a linear interpolation. It is often recommended to smooth the spectra afterwards, especially for metrics sensitive to noise such as H1, but this is done by the `procspec()` function. Looking at Figure 2, the spectra don't seem smoothed. If you actually did use smoothing (which is absolutely crucial here in my opinion), please precise the span value used (as recommended in White et al. 2015 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.05.007) and please update your plots in Figure 2 (it makes much more sense to show the data used to compute the indices instead of the raw data).

Response: Spectra were interpolated to 1nm intervals during file import and then smoothed when we called the procspec() routine. We used “smooth” with a span of 2/3. The manuscript text now reflects these choices.

- L130: the code has not been posted on GitHub yet, which means it is not available for review. If I get this manuscript for a second round of review, I would really like to see the code.

Response: The forked version is now available on GitHub. You can find the full patch here: https://github.com/braulioassis/pavo/commit/cc964a79bc2683bd336e75d1198b570959b70a35

- L133-137: please provide the formula or a figure that illustrates each one of these indices. Currently, it would be hard to understand for someone who hasn't read Montgomerie (2006)

Response: we have added a mathematical description for all metrics to Table 1.

- L152: did you measure repeatability for each one of these indices? Especially for the "new" ones (S3Sc in particular which is the most unusual one). It's also not clear what happened to the 3 measurements you did on each individual. Did you average them for the rest of your analysis?

Response: we now report repeatability results for all metrics. All were satisfactorily repeatable, including S3Sc. We clarify that all of the three measurements on each individual were included in all analyses, with the individual added as a random effect.

- L169-174: I usually find it more legible/hepful to include the formula of your model rather than a description text. Could you please do both if you'd like to keep the text?

Response: we have added formulas to the text description of all models.

- L221: your spectral data is most likely interpolated and pruned at every nm (it is for sure if you use pavo), so it doesn't make much sense to include decimals in your average and sd.

Response: averages and SD’s are now expressed as integers.

- L239: S3ScFull is not defined in table 1. Is this a typo?

Response: that was indeed a typo and is now corrected.

- L242-243: it would be helpful to more clearly say that the only negative correlation is S3 in females (you say L240 it is negative but it's not clear it's the only one).

Response: we have now clarified that this was the only negative correlation observed.

- L328: I'm not a big fan of the term 'lower vertebrates' which convey the illusion of a directional evolution (the term 'invertebrates' itself is borderline since it's not a monophyletetic group but it's more common and less damaging).

Response: we removed the term “lower vertebrates” from the manuscript.

# Minor general comments:

- add a picture of the investigated badge somewhere. Maybe it's your Fig. 1? This figure is missing from the pdf I got

Response: We apologize that the images were not available as they help to interpret our findings. Photos of lizards showing different colors had been included, but some error in the submission process may have occurred. We will be certain that they are visible in the revised manuscript.

- I would like to see more discussion about how this could (or not) be applied to other organisms displaying temperature dependent colouration or plastic ornaments in general

Response: These are great suggestions, and we now discuss parallels that can be made between our system and other groups such as fishes and amphibians that also exhibit color change.

-------------------------------------------

Reviewer #2: The authors of "Plastic sexual ornaments: metric choice for quantifying coloration in color-changing animals" (PONE-D-19-26164) present the results of a study designed to uncover i) how color changes as a consequence of temperature in eastern fence lizards and ii) how the metrics chosen to summarize relevant attributes of the ornamental colors can interact with the temperatures at which color measurements are taken to influence the conclusions drawn from such measures. This is an interesting study and the authors draw several important conclusions: First, the study further highlights the importance of standardizing the measurement temperature for species known to exhibit thermally-dependent color change. Second, the authors highlight the finding that even standardizing a given temperature can have important implications regarding color-based phenotypic comparisons (e.g. individual A may be more colorful than individual B at low and intermediate temps, but less colorful than individual B at high temps).

My thoughts about the manuscript fall into two categories. First, though I think that the conclusions mentioned earlier are valuable and agree that these points should be made, I am not convinced that the experimental design adequately captures the relevant variation in color as a consequence of thermal sensitivity needed to put this variability in the appropriate context. Specifically, the authors discuss the thermal responsiveness of color in the context of reaction norms, yet measure and compare the color of their lizards at only two temperatures (though there are more than two temperatures represented collectively, each lizard has only two color values at each of two temperatures). Simply put, this sampling regime does not provide adequate insight into the thermal responses of the lizards. A more comprehensive sampling regime across temperatures might enable the collection and analysis of the data using well-developed techniques for analyzing and comparing reaction norms. Summary metrics of the reaction norms of each individual might therefore be the more appropriate way to deal with the temperature-sensitivity of color rather than looking for specific, and somewhat contrived, metrics of color that reproduce the ‘rank’ of individuals across temperatures and colors. This is the angle I excitedly anticipated based on the title and early parts of the paper, and I think such an approach could still be quite valuable with the right dataset.

Response: Agreed. In hindsight, it would have been useful to employ a comprehensive temperature regime that could more accurately inform us of color change dynamics in this species. By attempting to demonstrate the drastic changes in color and sampling in more extreme temperature treatments, we failed to consider that data from intermediate points would be useful in determining a way of accounting for its own effect (if anything, at least for this species). While a greater range of temperatures would be ideal, we believe that we make a valuable contribution by bringing important points to discussion for color research and providing creative ideas for circumventing these issues. We feel that discussing our results in the context of reaction norms is appropriate and now emphasize that we analyzed these data in a reaction-norm framework. This was in combination with the analysis of rank order correlations to provide a two-pronged analytic approach to these data.

Second, given that these color badges are frequently studied in the context of social signaling, the fact that these analyses focused exclusively on the spectral characteristics of the colors measured without any account of the spectral sensitivities of the relevant receivers was quite surprising (and an oversight, in my opinion). There is a deep and growing literature on the visual capabilities of many animals, and interpreting signals within the appropriate, receiver-dependent context provides important context and insight into the selective forces generating and maintaining diversity in signaling traits.

Response: Even though the signaling potential of the trait was not our initial focus for this project, your comment convinced us that applying a visual sensitivity model would provide important insight on how color plasticity could be perceived by conspecifics. Moreover, we agree that projecting color data in a color space – and consequently extracting the length of the vector from the origin irrespective of its direction in hue – is a very useful way of quantifying color purity independently of the expressed hue that was initially overlooked by us. Although visual sensitivity parameters have not yet been determined for this family of lizards, we still decided to follow this suggestion and presented a new analysis using data from such a model using parameters from a close relative. We thank you for this valuable suggestion which we believe has greatly improved the manuscript.

Submitted filename: PLOS One letter to editor.docx

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11 Mar 2020

PONE-D-19-26164R1

Plastic sexual ornaments: assessing temperature effects on color metrics in a color-changing reptile

PLOS ONE

Dear Mr Assis,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Apr 25 2020 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

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Daniel Osorio

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (if provided):

This ms. makes a useful contribution to the literature on colour signalling and colour measurement, it is thoughtful and will be appreciated by many in the field. I judge also that the main conclusions are sound, and am happy to recommend publication in PLoS One. I do however have a number of comments which you might consider.

1. I am not aware of any other example of an animal showing such dramatic colour changes with temperature at least in a what is clearly a signalling colour. I guess that you are planning to publish another article on this subject and what to keep your powder dry, but it would would be good to have at least some comment on the generality of the phenomenon, what you see as its significance, and on the literature.

2. a) The literature in this area uses the terms: 'purity', 'saturation', and 'chroma' - and maybe even 'chromaticness', more or less vaguely and interchangeably. I think it would be useful to have an explicit definition of the metric used, **preferably supported by a diagram to help those readers not familiar with the details of pavo etc. **

b) For similar reasons it would be nice also to see how the could move in the lizard's receptor space.

c) No mention is made of 'luminance', yet this may well not be irrelevant to colour appearance, and should I think at least be documented -

d) Estimated receptor excitation for all colours studied should be documented and available to readers, if this is not already done.

3. Line 67. Structural colours are often not associated with a specialised 'iridophores' but the general chitin, keratin matrix of the epidmermis.

4. Line 98. The relevance/nature of 'allocated pigments' to structural coloration should be made clear, since the pigment if there is one is likely only to be melanin, which is not in short supply for these lizards

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Reviewers' comments:

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30 Mar 2020

1. I am not aware of any other example of an animal showing such dramatic colour changes with temperature at least in a what is clearly a signalling colour. I guess that you are planning to publish another article on this subject and what to keep your powder dry, but it would would be good to have at least some comment on the generality of the phenomenon, what you see as its significance, and on the literature.

Response: We now acknowledge that dramatic cases of this may in fact be rare, when we discuss other, perhaps relatable, examples from the literature (line 457-467). We also address the potential significance of this trait as signal of thermal performance (lines 449-456).

2. a) The literature in this area uses the terms: 'purity', 'saturation', and 'chroma' - and maybe even 'chromaticness', more or less vaguely and interchangeably. I think it would be useful to have an explicit definition of the metric used, **preferably supported by a diagram to help those readers not familiar with the details of pavo etc. **

Response: Indeed, several interchangeable terms are found in the literature for the same property of color. To avoid confusion, we now refer to this metric exclusively as “saturation” throughout and elaborate on its meaning (lines 97-106).

b) For similar reasons it would be nice also to see how the could move in the lizard's receptor space.

Response: We considered including a figure illustrating the hue shifts in a color space. Unfortunately, the data was not as well represented as we hoped given their fine scale of our data in such a wide space. We have included the figure in a preliminary format here, and if you believe it would still be informative to the readers, we would be happy to include it in the manuscript.

c) No mention is made of 'luminance', yet this may well not be irrelevant to colour appearance, and should I think at least be documented -

Response: We have replicated our analyses of hue and saturation on mean brightness as well and provide a short description of its meaning (lines 340-345). With that, our manuscript now contains information on changes in hue, saturation, and brightness for this species.

d) Estimated receptor excitation for all colours studied should be documented and available to readers, if this is not already done.

Response: We now provide a table with mean ± SD excitation values for the four cone types, given for males and females and the two temperature treatments (lines 271-274).

3. Line 67. Structural colours are often not associated with a specialised 'iridophores' but the general chitin, keratin matrix of the epidmermis.

Response: We now address these other possibilities and relevant references (lines 68-69).

4. Line 98. The relevance/nature of 'allocated pigments' to structural coloration should be made clear, since the pigment if there is one is likely only to be melanin, which is not in short supply for these lizards.

Response: Since color is indeed such a diverse trait with a variety of underlying mechanisms across species, we opted to simply remove this statement altogether.

Submitted filename: PLOS One letter to editor_2.docx

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14 Apr 2020

PONE-D-19-26164R2

Plastic sexual ornaments: assessing temperature effects on color metrics in a color-changing reptile

PLOS ONE

Dear Mr Assis,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. I am reluctantly asking for a minor revision, because I think that technically this ms does meet the PLoS ONE publication criteria,but there are couple of issues:

1. The cover letter states for comment 2b) b)'it would be nice also to see how the could move in the lizard's

receptor space.' that 'the data was not as well represented as we hoped given their fine scale

of our data in such a wide space. We have included the figure in a preliminary format

here....'  I do not see any such preliminary  figure, and I find the justification that the receptor space is too large odd, as it is easy to plot an enlarged fraction of the entire space. Although you argue for the use of  measure of colour (change) independent of the eye I think it is at least useful to know whether the colour changes that you document  a) their detectability; and b) their direction to a natural viewer.

2. Please comment that   in colour science saturation conventionally refer to an aspect of colour appearance (to human viewers) the usual definition of saturation,  i.e. difference from the most similar grey (Wyszecki & Stiles 1982; or similar elsewhere). The use of the term in the animal coloration literature to refer to some measure of variation in reflectance across the visible spectrum is now established, but somewhat confusing especially where colour appearance to the viewer is relevant.

3. It seems to me that your model 3, though somewhat arbitrary is at least quite general comapred to measures S1, and perhaps well matched to animal visual systems because rhodopsin spectral sensitivities have a half width of roughly 100nm. Some comment to this effect would be useful.

4. Are your spectra available as ESM or otherwise?  I think they should be.

As I say these are 'optional' comments and I will accept the ms with any reasonable final revisions.  This is a very interesting system and you have made a thoughtful and careful study.

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by May 29 2020 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

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To enhance the reproducibility of your results, we recommend that if applicable you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io, where a protocol can be assigned its own identifier (DOI) such that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.

A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.

An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

Please note while forming your response, if your article is accepted, you may have the opportunity to make the peer review history publicly available. The record will include editor decision letters (with reviews) and your responses to reviewer comments. If eligible, we will contact you to opt in or out.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Daniel Osorio

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

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[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files to be viewed.]

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27 Apr 2020

1. The cover letter states for comment 2b) b)'it would be nice also to see how the could move in the lizard's

receptor space.' that 'the data was not as well represented as we hoped given their fine scale

of our data in such a wide space. We have included the figure in a preliminary format

here....' I do not see any such preliminary figure, and I find the justification that the receptor space is too large odd, as it is easy to plot an enlarged fraction of the entire space. Although you argue for the use of measure of colour (change) independent of the eye I think it is at least useful to know whether the colour changes that you document a) their detectability; and b) their direction to a natural viewer.

Response: This time we submitted a figure that in our judgment was the most representative of hue and saturation changes in the lizard color space: a two-dimensional projection of the tetrahedral space from the perspective of the UV vertex (figure 3, lines 274-277)

2. Please comment that in colour science saturation conventionally refer to an aspect of colour appearance (to human viewers) the usual definition of saturation, i.e. difference from the most similar grey (Wyszecki & Stiles 1982; or similar elsewhere). The use of the term in the animal coloration literature to refer to some measure of variation in reflectance across the visible spectrum is now established, but somewhat confusing especially where colour appearance to the viewer is relevant.

Response: A statement referencing the definition of saturation in color science as well as our own in animal coloration was included along with the relevant references (Wyszecki & Stiles 1982; Wilkins & Osorio 2019) (lines 97-105; 440).

3. It seems to me that your model 3, though somewhat arbitrary is at least quite general comapred to measures S1, and perhaps well matched to animal visual systems because rhodopsin spectral sensitivities have a half width of roughly 100nm. Some comment to this effect would be useful.

Response: We mention the biological relevance of this approach due to the Gaussian distribution and sensitivity of cone sensory pigments (lines 410-412).

4. Are your spectra available as ESM or otherwise? I think they should be.

Response: We followed this suggestion and decided to upload all the raw spectra (.txt files) along with our dataset and R code in public repositories if this manuscript is accepted for publication.

As I say these are 'optional' comments and I will accept the ms with any reasonable final revisions. This is a very interesting system and you have made a thoughtful and careful study.

Submitted filename: PLOS One letter to editor_3.docx

Click here for additional data file.

1 May 2020

Plastic sexual ornaments: assessing temperature effects on color metrics in a color-changing reptile

PONE-D-19-26164R3

Dear Dr. Assis,

We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.

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With kind regards,

Daniel Osorio

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

4 May 2020

PONE-D-19-26164R3

Plastic sexual ornaments: assessing temperature effects on color metrics in a color-changing reptile

Dear Dr. Assis:

I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

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on behalf of

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PLOS ONE